Protective immunity and antibody-secreting cell responses elicited by combined oral attenuated Wa human rotavirus and intranasal Wa 2/6-VLPs with mutant Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin in gnotobiotic pigs

Abstract

Two combined rotavirus vaccination regimens were evaluated in a gnotobiotic pig model of rotavirus infection and disease and were compared to previously tested rotavirus vaccination regimens. The first (AttHRV/VLP2x) involved oral inoculation with one dose of attenuated (Att) Wa human rotavirus (HRV), followed by two intranasal (i.n.) doses of a rotavirus-like particle (2/6-VLPs) vaccine derived from Wa (VP6) and bovine RF (VP2) rotavirus strains. The 2/6-VLPs were coadministered with a mutant Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin, LT-R192G (mLT) adjuvant. For the second regimen (VLP2x/AttHRV), two i.n. doses of 2/6-VLPs+mLT were given, followed by one oral dose of attenuated Wa HRV. To compare the protective efficacy and immune responses induced by the combined vaccine regimens with individual rotavirus vaccine regimens, we included in the experiments the following vaccine groups: one oral dose of attenuated Wa HRV (AttHRV1x and Mock2x/AttHRV, respectively), three oral doses of attenuated Wa HRV (AttHRV3x), three i.n. doses of 2/6-VLPs plus mLT (VLP3x), three i.n. doses of purified double-layered inactivated Wa HRV plus mLT (InactHRV3x), mLT alone, and mock-inoculated pigs. The isotype, magnitude, and tissue distribution of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in the intestinal and systemic lymphoid tissues were evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The AttHRV/VLP2x regimen stimulated the highest mean numbers of intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) ASCs prechallenge among all vaccine groups. This regimen induced partial protection against virus shedding (58%) and diarrhea (44%) upon challenge of pigs with virulent Wa HRV. The reverse VLP2x/AttHRV regimen was less efficacious than the AttHRV/VLP2x regimen in inducing IgA ASC responses and protection against diarrhea (25% protection rate) but was more efficacious than VLP3x or InactHRV3x (no protection). In conclusion, the AttHRV/VLP2x vaccination regimen stimulated the strongest B-cell responses in the intestinal mucosal immune system at challenge and conferred a moderately high protection rate against rotavirus disease, indicating that priming of the mucosal inductive site at the portal of natural infection with a replicating vaccine, followed by boosting with a nonreplicating vaccine at a second mucosal inductive site, may be a highly effective approach to stimulate the mucosal immune system and induce protective immunity against various mucosal pathogens.

FIG. 1

Isotype-specific ASCs to Wa HRV in gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with various vaccine regimens. MNC from the duodenum and ileum (A) and the MLN, spleen, and PBL (B) of pigs were collected and assayed by ELISPOT on PID 28 and PCD 0. The data represent the mean number of Wa HRV-specific ASCs per 5 × 10⁵ MNC for four to seven pigs at each time point. The error bars show the standard error of the mean (SEM). The asterisks denote significant differences (Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, P < 0.05) in ASC numbers compared to AttHRV/VLP2× group for the same isotype at the same time point.

FIG. 1

Isotype-specific ASCs to Wa HRV in gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with various vaccine regimens. MNC from the duodenum and ileum (A) and the MLN, spleen, and PBL (B) of pigs were collected and assayed by ELISPOT on PID 28 and PCD 0. The data represent the mean number of Wa HRV-specific ASCs per 5 × 10⁵ MNC for four to seven pigs at each time point. The error bars show the standard error of the mean (SEM). The asterisks denote significant differences (Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, P < 0.05) in ASC numbers compared to AttHRV/VLP2× group for the same isotype at the same time point.

FIG. 2

Isotype-specific ASCs to Wa HRV in gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with various vaccine regimens. MNC from the duodenum and ileum (A) and the MLN, spleen, and PBL (B) of pigs were collected and assayed by ELISPOT on PID 35 and PCD 7. The data represent the mean number of Wa HRV-specific ASCs per 5 × 10⁵ MNC for 4 to 12 pigs at each time point. The error bars show the SEM. The asterisks denote significant differences (Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, P < 0.05) in ASC numbers compared to AttHRV/VLP2× group for the same isotype at the same time point.

FIG. 2

Isotype-specific ASCs to Wa HRV in gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with various vaccine regimens. MNC from the duodenum and ileum (A) and the MLN, spleen, and PBL (B) of pigs were collected and assayed by ELISPOT on PID 35 and PCD 7. The data represent the mean number of Wa HRV-specific ASCs per 5 × 10⁵ MNC for 4 to 12 pigs at each time point. The error bars show the SEM. The asterisks denote significant differences (Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, P < 0.05) in ASC numbers compared to AttHRV/VLP2× group for the same isotype at the same time point.