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. 2001 Sep 8;323(7312):536-40.
doi: 10.1136/bmj.323.7312.536.

Prevalence of permanent childhood hearing impairment in the United Kingdom and implications for universal neonatal hearing screening: questionnaire based ascertainment study

H M Fortnum  1 , A Q Summerfield, D H Marshall, A C Davis, J M Bamford
Affiliations

Prevalence of permanent childhood hearing impairment in the United Kingdom and implications for universal neonatal hearing screening: questionnaire based ascertainment study

H M Fortnum et al. BMJ. .

Abstract

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of confirmed permanent childhood hearing impairment and its profile across age and degree of impairment in the United Kingdom.

Design: Retrospective total ascertainment through sources in the health and education sectors by postal questionnaire.

Setting: Hospital based otology and audiology departments, community health clinics, education services for hearing impaired children.

Participants: Children born from 1980 to 1995, resident in United Kingdom in 1998, with severe permanent childhood hearing impairment (hearing level in the better ear >40 dB averaged over 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz).

Main outcome measures: Numbers of cases with date of birth and severity of impairment converted to prevalences for each annual birth cohort (cases/1000 live births) and adjusted for under ascertainment.

Results: 26 000 notifications ascertained 17 160 individual children. Prevalence rose from 0.91 (95% confidence interval 0.85 to 0.98) for 3 year olds to 1.65 (1.62 to 1.68) for children aged 9-16 years. Adjustment for under ascertainment increased estimates to 1.07 (1.03 to 1.12) and 2.05 (2.02 to 2.08). Comparison with previous studies showed that prevalence increases with age, rather than declining with year of birth.

Conclusions: Prevalence of confirmed permanent childhood hearing impairment increases until the age of 9 years to a level higher than previously estimated. Relative to current yields of universal neonatal hearing screening in the United Kingdom, which are close to 1/1000 live births, 50-90% more children are diagnosed with permanent childhood hearing impairment by the age of 9 years. Paediatric audiology services must have the capacity to achieve early identification and confirmation of these additional cases.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
General methods of capture-recapture illustrated with data from validation exercise
Figure 2
Figure 2
Ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) of numbers of children with cochlear implants estimated by capture-recapture (“estimated”) to number reported by paediatric cochlear implant programmes (“counted” and tabulated against right hand axis) for individual birth cohorts and 1980-95 cohorts combined
Figure 3
Figure 3
Profiles of observed and adjusted prevalence of permanent childhood hearing impairment with age and by degree of impairment (all: >40 dB HL; moderate: 41-70 dB HL; severe: 71-95 dB HL; profound: >95 dB HL).22 Points plotted as filled circles were excluded from some analyses. 95% confidence intervals included where they exceed width of plotting symbol. Continuous lines are best fitting sigmoidal functions
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