The aftereffects of dynamic exercise on ambulatory blood pressure

Abstract

Purpose: Despite the widespread belief that endurance exercise lowers blood pressure (BP), reports of the lack of such an effect are common when using ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) monitoring. This review examined the influence of dynamic exercise on ABP to elucidate possible reasons for conflicting reports.

Methods: Criteria for inclusion were dynamic exercise studies that involved ABP determinations after exercise. A total of 23 studies containing 34 groups of which 12 were normotensive and 22 hypertensive met these criteria. The groups primarily consisted of unmedicated, sedentary, overweight, non-Hispanic white men and women with a mean +/- SEM age of 43.9 +/- 1.5 yr.

Results: Baseline mean day systolic BP (SBP) was 137.3 +/- 2.1 mm Hg (95% confidence limits) (133.0, 141.5) and diastolic BP (DBP) was 86.7 +/- 1.5 mm Hg (83.7, 89.7). After exercise, day SBP (N = 34) was reduced an average of 3.2 +/- 1.0 (-5.2, -1.2) (P = 0.003) and DBP by 1.6 +/- 0.6 mm Hg (-2.9, -0.4) (P = 0.013); night SBP (N = 20) by 3.4 +/- 1.0 (-5.6, -1.2) (P = 0.005) and DBP by 3.0 +/- 1.4 mm Hg (-5.6, -0.4) (P = 0.025); and 24-h SBP (N = 17) by 3.2 +/- 0.8 (-4.9, -1.6) (P = 0.001) and DBP by 1.8 +/- 0.5 mm Hg (-2.9, -0.7) (P = 0.003). After detection of outlying cases using regression diagnostics, initial SBP accounted for 30% (P = 0.001) and 26% (P = 0.018) of the variance in the change in day and night SBP after exercise, respectively. Similarly, initial DBP explained 37% (P = 0.000) and 33% (P = 0.005) of the difference in day and night DBP after exercise.

Conclusion: The ABP difference after exercise is a function of initial values such that groups with the highest baseline BP experience the greatest postexercise ABP reductions. The ABP dynamic exercise studies raise important methodological considerations that should be attended to in future work.