Estrogenic effects on prostatic differentiation and carcinogenesis

Abstract

Estrogens, alone or in combination with androgens, can induce aberrant growth and/or malignancy of the prostate gland. Squamous metaplasia is an abnormal form of prostatic epithelial differentiation elicited by exogenous estrogen alone. Estrogens elicit their effects via estrogen receptors (ER) in the prostate. Experiments using ERalpha and ERbeta null mice demonstrated that ERalpha, but not ERbeta is essential in the induction of prostatic squamous metaplasia. To determine the respective roles of epithelial versus stromal ERalpha in this response, the following tissue recombinants were constructed with prostatic epithelium (PRE) and stroma (S) from wild-type (wt) and ERalpha knockout (alphaERKO) mice: wt-S + wt-PRE, alphaERKO-S + alphaERKO-PRE, wt-S + alphaERKO-PRE and alphaERKO-S + wt-PRE. A metaplastic response to diethylstilbestrol (DES) was only observed in wt-S + wt-PRE tissue recombinants. Tissue recombinants containing alphaERKO-PRE and/or alphaERKO-S (alphaERKO-S + alphaERKO-PRE, wt-S + alphaERKO-PRE and alphaERKO-S + wt-PRE) failed to respond to DES. Therefore, full and uniform epithelial squamous metaplasia requires ERalpha in both the epithelium and stroma. Estradiol (E2) in combination with testosterone (T) was shown to be effective in inducing prostatic carcinogenesis in a tissue recombinant model composed of rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme plus mouse prostatic epithelium. A particularly efficient model of prostatic carcinogenesis in mice involves T + E2 treatment of mice bearing grafts of wild-type rat urogenital mesenchyme (rUGM) plus retinoblastoma gene (Rb) knockout (Rb-KO) prostatic epithelium (rUGM + Rb-KO-PRE). Such rUGM + Rb-KO-PRE tissue recombinants developed hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia and invasive prostatic carcinoma with high efficiency. During carcinogenesis in rUGM + Rb-KO-PRE tissue recombinants, epithelial E-cadherin almost totally disappeared and epithelial PCNA labeling was elevated. These epithelial changes were associated with almost total loss of smooth muscle cells in the stroma. The results of this study demonstrate that the absence of the Rb tumor suppressor gene predisposes prostatic epithelial cells to hormonal carcinogenesis.