Airway responsiveness and peak flow variability in the diagnosis of asthma for epidemiological studies

Abstract

Airway responsiveness and variability in peak expiratory flow (PEF) are widely used as objective diagnostic measures of asthma, but it is not clear how these variables should be calculated or adjusted to obtain the highest diagnostic validity for physician-diagnosed asthma in the community. Data from a community-based sample of 1,513 adults has been used. Airway responsiveness to methacholine and 7-day PEF data were obtained in 1991, asthma and respiratory symptoms were diagnosed by questionnaires in 1991 and 1999. Airway responsiveness was expressed as the provocative dose causing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (PD20), two-point and least-squares regression slopes. PEF variability was expressed as daily amplitude, weekly standard deviation and mean of the two lowest readings. Continuous measures were adjusted for measures of baseline airway calibre by linear regression. Measures of airway responsiveness had greater sensitivity for specificity for self-reported diagnosed asthma than expressions of PEF variability, before and after adjustment for airway calibre. Diagnostic validity was substantially better in adults aged <50 yrs; PD20 provided the best sensitivity for specificity (61% for 95% at 8.3 micromol). In those aged > or =50 yrs, no measure was closely related to diagnosed asthma. In younger age groups, provocative dose causing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second provides a valuable objective measure of asthma for epidemiological studies, but is unable to distinguish between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in older people.