Glucose monitoring by reverse iontophoresis

Abstract

Glucose can be extracted through intact skin by electro-osmotic flow (a process called 'reverse iontophoresis') upon the application of a low-level electrical current. Recently we have combined iontophoretic extraction with an in situ glucose sensor in a device called the GlucoWatch biographer. Clinical results with this device show close tracking of blood glucose over a range of 2.2 to 22.2 mmol/l for up to 12 h using a single blood glucose value as calibration. The biographer readings lag behind blood glucose values by an average of 18 min. An analysis of data from 92 diabetic subjects in a controlled clinical setting shows a linear relationship (r=0.88) between GlucoWatch biographer readings and blood glucose. The mean absolute relative difference between the two measurements was 15.6% and more than 96% of the data fell in the (A+B) regions of the Clarke error grid. Similar results have been obtained from subjects using the GlucoWatch biographer in an uncontrolled home environment. The automatic, frequent, and non-invasive measurements obtained with the GlucoWatch biographer provide substantially more information about glucose levels than do the current fingerstick methods. This information can be used for improved decisions about all aspects of diabetes management.