Transmission studies of Babesia microti in Ixodes ricinus ticks and gerbils

Abstract

In order to investigate the possible role of Ixodes ricinus as a vector of zoonotic Babesia microti infection in Europe, a European rodent isolate (HK) and a zoonotic American isolate (GI) were studied in transmission experiments. PCR detected B. microti in the blood and spleens of infected gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) and also in laboratory-induced infections of I. ricinus ticks. B. microti DNA was detected by PCR in all pooled samples of nymphs and the majority of adults that had fed as larvae and nymphs, respectively, on gerbils with acute infection of the European isolate, confirming that I. ricinus could serve as a vector in Europe. The American isolate, GI, proved to be equally infective for larval and nymphal I. ricinus as the HK strain, despite a very different appearance in gerbil erythrocytes. Nymphs infected with the HK and GI strains readily infected gerbils. In contrast to the finding in acute infections, ticks that fed on gerbils with chronic infections of HK and GI did not become infected. It was also found that the HK strain was not transmitted transovarially. The finding that a B. microti strain (GI) from a distant geographical region (United States) can infect and be transmitted by I. ricinus suggests that other European B. microti strains, in addition to the HK strain used here, are probably infective for I. ricinus, supporting the view that infection of humans with European B. microti may be a regular occurrence.

FIG. 1.

B. microti in gerbil erythrocytes. (a) HK (European) strain, showing parasites in central position (arrows). (b) GI (American) strain, showing parasites in peripheral position (arrows).

FIG. 2.

Detection by PCR (lanes 1 to 4 at 1:1 and 1:10 dilutions) of European (HK) B. microti (238-bp product) in I. ricinus nymphs exposed to acute infections as larvae. neg K and pos K, negative and positive controls, respectively.