[Chylothorax]

Abstract

PHYSIOLOGY: Chylothorax corresponds to the intrathoracic presence of chyle. Chyle is a lymph of intestinal origin containing the product of digested fat. This lymph joins the blood circulation through the thoracic duct. The thoracic duct receives a part of the lymphatic drainage from the viscera below the diaphragm, from the diaphragm and from the sterno-costal wall.

Physiopathology: Intrapleural chyle issue is explained by an acquired or spontaneous lesion of the thoracic duct or of one of its collaterals in the thorax. The iatrogenic or spontaneous lesions of the collaterals suggest that the latter are incontinent and have lost their valve capacity, and hence provoke a reflux of chyle from the thoracic duct. The anatomy of the chylothorax (occasionally pathological) can be specified by a pedal lymphography. FROM A THERAPEUTIC POINT OF VIEW: Treatment, essentially medical, can be completed by surgery. The medical treatment is based on re-nutrition and a diet excluding fat, supplemented by medium chain triglycerides. Surgery consists in pleural symphysis and/or suture of the damaged collaterals, or ligature of the thoracic duct. The indications depend on the severity of the chyle leakage and the type of original lesion. The indications therefore depend on the etiology and clinical evolution of each case. These different treatments, isolated or combined, lead to the regression of the effusion in nearly all cases.