Hemodialysis catheters and ports

Abstract

Percutaneous placement of cuffed tunneled catheters for hemodialysis access has become a firmly established method of providing vascular access to patients with end-stage renal disease. Considerable evidence supports the right internal jugular vein as the preferred site for catheter insertion. The use of real-time imaging using both ultrasound and fluoroscopy permits simple, safe, and effective placement of the catheter for hemodialysis. The use of these imaging techniques has significantly reduced the number of and severity of complications associated with catheter placement. A specific method of placement is described including variations for specific catheter types. The new subcutaneous port as an alternative to the cuffed tunneled catheter appears to provide another option for vascular access; preliminary data suggests higher flow rates and lower infection rates compared with externalized cuffed tunneled catheters. Finally, the criteria for obtaining training and proficiency in placement of cuffed tunneled catheters are outlined.