The origins of noncovalent catalysis of intermolecular Diels-Alder reactions by cyclodextrins, self-assembling capsules, antibodies, and RNAses

Abstract

The catalysis of Diels-Alder reactions by noncovalent binding by synthetic, protein, and nucleic acid hosts has been surveyed and compared. These catalysts consist of binding cavities that form complexes containing both the diene and the dienophile; the cycloaddition reaction occurs in the cavity. The binding requires no formation of covalent bonds and is driven principally by the hydrophobic (or solvophobic) effect. A molecular mechanics and dynamics study of the cyclodextrin catalysis of a Diels-Alder reaction is used to exemplify and probe this form of catalysis. Detailed kinetic data is available for catalysis by antibodies, RNA, cyclodextrins, and Rebek's tennis ball capsules. Some of these catalysts stabilize the reactants more than the transition state and consequently will only have catalytic effect under conditions of low substrate-to-catalyst ratios. None of the hosts achieve significant specific binding of transition states that is the hallmark of enzyme catalysis.