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. 2002;2002(2):CD001357.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001357.

Amisulpride for schizophrenia

N E Mota  1 , M S Lima, B G Soares
Affiliations

Amisulpride for schizophrenia

N E Mota et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002.

Abstract

Background: The treatment of schizophrenia with old, 'typical' antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol can be problematic, because many people treated with these drugs will suffer from movement disorders. Amisulpride is said to be an "atypical" antipsychotic which induces less movement disorder and which is effective for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of amisulpride as compared with placebo, typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia.

Search strategy: The authors carried out electronic searches of Biological Abstracts (1982-1999), CINAHL (1982-1999), Cochrane Library (Issue 4, 1999), Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register (November 2000), EMBASE (1980-1999), LILACS(1982-1999), MEDLINE (1966-1999) and PsycLIT (1974-1999). They checked all identified studies for further trial citations, and sought these studies in the Science Citation Index. They also contacted authors of trials and the manufacturer of amisulpride.

Selection criteria: All randomised controlled trials comparing amisulpride to placebo, typical or atypical antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia or other non-affective serious mental illnesses.

Data collection and analysis: Data were independently extracted and analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. The relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of dichotomous data were calculated using a random effects model, and, where possible, the number needed to treat was calculated. Weighted mean differences (WMD) were calculated for continuous data.

Main results: This review currently includes 19 randomised studies with a total of 2443 participants. Most trials were of short duration. Data from 4 trials with 514 participants with predominantly negative symptoms suggest that low-dose (up to 300mg/day) amisulpride was a more acceptable treatment than placebo (n=514, RR 0.6 CI 0.5 to 0.8, NNT 3 CI 3 to 7), the improvement of the participants' global state (n=242, RR 0.6 CI 0.5 to 0.8, NNT 3 CI 2 to 6) and the treatment of negative symptoms (n=177, WMD -10.1 CI -16.6 to -3.5). Amisulpride was shown to be more likely to cause extrapyramidal symptoms than placebo in two studies (n=269, RR 2.2 CI 1.2 to 4.2), but this result did not hold calculating the risk reduction so that an NNT-statistic could not be indicated. Compared to typical antipsychotics, the pooled results of a total of fourteen trials suggest that amisulpride was more effective in improving global state (n=651, RR 0.7 CI 0.5 to 0.9, NNT 6 CI 4 to 11), the general mental state (n=695, WMD -4.2 CI -6.5 to -1.9) and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia (n=506, WMD -2.8 CI -4.3 to -1.3). Regarding positive symptoms, amisulpride was as effective as typical antipsychotics. Amisulpride was less prone to cause at least one general adverse event (n=751, RR 0.9 CI 0.8 to 0.97, NNH 9 CI 6 to 18), one extrapyramidal symptom (n=771, RR 0.7 CI 0.6 to 0.9, NNH 5 CI 4 to 9) or to require the use of antiparkinson medication (n=851, RR 0.6 CI 0.5 to 0.8, NNH 4 CI 3 to 6). No clear differences in other adverse events compared to typical drugs were found. Amisulpride also seemed to be more acceptable than conventional drugs as measured by the outcome 'leaving the studies early' (n=1512, RR 0.8 CI 0.7 to 0.9, NNT 16 CI 9 to 69) than conventional drugs, but this result might have been overestimated due to a publication bias which could not be excluded with certainty. A single trial compared amisulpride to another 'atypical' antipsychotic, risperidone. With the exception of agitation, which was more frequent in the amisulpride group (n=228, RR 3.4 CI 1.2 to 10.1, NNH 11 CI 6 to 50) no significant differences were recorded on efficacy or acceptability.

Reviewer's conclusions: This systematic review confirms that amisulpride is an effective 'atypical' antipsychotic drug for those with schizophrenia. Amisulpride may offer a good general profile, at least compared to high-potency 'typical' antipsychotics. It may also yield better results in some specific outcomes related to efficacy, such as improvement of global state and general negative symptoms. It might be more acceptable and more tolerable than high-potency conventional antipsychotics, especially regarding extrapyramidal side-effects. Longer term randomised trials are needed to evaluate the comparative value of amisulpride, particularly compared to other expensive atypical antipsychotics. These should focus on important outcomes which have not been sufficiently monitored such as service use, family burden and quality of life.

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Conflict of interest statement

None known.

Figures

1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 AMISULPRIDE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early ‐ overall.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 AMISULPRIDE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early ‐ specific reasons.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 AMISULPRIDE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 3 Global state: CGI 'less than much improved'.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 AMISULPRIDE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 4 Mental State: 1. General ‐ BPRS total score at endpoint (high = poor).
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 AMISULPRIDE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 6 Mental State: 3. Specific ‐ Negative symptoms ‐ SANS total score at endpoint (high = poor).
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 AMISULPRIDE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 8 Mental state: 5. Need for additional medication.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 AMISULPRIDE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 9 Adverse events: 1. Presence of at least one adverse event.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 AMISULPRIDE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 10 Adverse events: 2. Movement disorders.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 AMISULPRIDE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 12 Adverse events: 4. Anticholinergic symptoms.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 AMISULPRIDE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 13 Adverse events: 5. Sleep disorders.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 AMISULPRIDE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 14 Adverse events: 6. Other.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 1 Death.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early ‐ overall.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 3 Leaving the study early ‐ specific reasons.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 4 Global state: 1. CGI less than 'much' improved.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 5 Global state: 2. CGI at endpoint.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 6 Mental State: 1.1 General ‐ BPRS ‐ less than 40% reduction of the total score.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 7 Mental State: 1.2 General ‐ BPRS total score at endpoint.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 8 Mental State: 2. Specific ‐ Negative symptoms ‐ less than 1 point reduction of the MS negative subscale.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 9 Mental State: 3. Specific ‐ Negative symptoms ‐ continuous data.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 10 Mental State: 4. Specific ‐ Positive symptoms ‐ PANSS positive subscale at endpoint.
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 11 Mental State: 5. Need of anxiolytic/hypnotic medication.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 12 Adverse events: 1. Presence of at least one adverse event.
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 13 Adverse events: 2. Movement disorders.
2.15
2.15. Analysis
Comparison 2 AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 15 Adverse events: 4. Anticholinergic symptoms.
2.16
2.16. Analysis
Comparison 2 AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 16 Adverse events: 5. Cardiovascular symptoms (tachycardia/palpitations).
2.17
2.17. Analysis
Comparison 2 AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 17 Adverse events: 6. Endocrine and sexual events.
2.18
2.18. Analysis
Comparison 2 AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 18 Adverse events: 7. Other.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 AMISULPRIDE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 AMISULPRIDE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 2 Global state: CGI 'less than much improved'.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 AMISULPRIDE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 3 Mental State: 1. General ‐ BPRS total score (dichotomised data).
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 AMISULPRIDE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 4 Mental state: 2. General ‐ BPRS total score at endpoint.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 AMISULPRIDE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 5 Mental State: 3. Specific ‐ negative symptoms ‐ PANSS negative scale at endpoint.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 AMISULPRIDE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 6 Mental state: 4. Specific ‐ positive symptoms ‐ PANSS positive subscale at endpoint.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 AMISULPRIDE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 7 Mental State: 5. Use of additional anxiolytic medication (diazepam).
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 AMISULPRIDE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 8 Adverse events: 1. At least one adverse event.
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 AMISULPRIDE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 9 Adverse events: 2. Movement disorders.
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3 AMISULPRIDE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 10 Adverse events: 3. Endocrine and sexual adverse events.
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3 AMISULPRIDE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 11 Adverse events: 4. 'Psychiatric' adverse events.
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3 AMISULPRIDE versus ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 12 Adverse events: 5. Other.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP ANALYSIS: AMISULPRIDE versus PLACEBO ‐ SHORT DURATION OF ILLNESS versus CHRONIC ILLNESS, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early ‐ overall.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP ANALYSIS: AMISULPRIDE versus PLACEBO ‐ SHORT DURATION OF ILLNESS versus CHRONIC ILLNESS, Outcome 2 Mental State: Specific ‐ negative symptoms ‐ SANS total score at endpoint.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP ANALYSIS: AMISULPRIDE versus PLACEBO ‐ SHORT DURATION OF ILLNESS versus CHRONIC ILLNESS, Outcome 3 Adverse events: 1. At least one adverse event.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP ANALYSIS: AMISULPRIDE versus PLACEBO ‐ SHORT DURATION OF ILLNESS versus CHRONIC ILLNESS, Outcome 4 Adverse events: 2. Extrapyramidal symptoms.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUBGROUP ANALYSIS: AMISULPRIDE versus PLACEBO ‐ SHORT DURATION OF ILLNESS versus CHRONIC ILLNESS, Outcome 5 Adverse events: 3. Sleep disorders.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 POST‐HOC ANALYSIS: EFFICACY ‐ AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 1 Global state: CGI less 'than much improved'.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 POST‐HOC ANALYSIS: EFFICACY ‐ AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 2 Mental State: 1. General ‐ BPRS total score at endpoint.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 POST‐HOC ANALYSIS: EFFICACY ‐ AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 3 Mental State: 2. Specific ‐ negative symptoms ‐ PANSS negative subscale at endpoint.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 POST‐HOC ANALYSIS: EFFICACY ‐ AMISULPRIDE versus TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS, Outcome 4 Mental State: 3. Specific ‐ positive symptoms ‐ PANSS positive subscale at endpoint.
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Ziegler 1989 {published data only}
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    1. Ziegler B. Study of the efficacy of a substituted benzamide amisulpride versus haloperidol, in productive schizophrenia. In: Borenstein P editor(s). Amisulpride. Paris: Expansion Scientifique Francaise, 1989:71‐3.
    1. Ziegler B, Jesau R. [Untersuchungen zur Wirksamkeit eines substituierten Benzamids (DAN 2163) auf schizophrene Symptome. Statistische Auswertung einer Doppleblind prufung mit DAN 2163 gegen Haloperidol bei psychotischen Patienten.]. Rapport d'expertise 2163 D541 1985.

References to studies excluded from this review

Baldauf 1988 {published data only}
    1. Baldauf A, Metzger JY, Sichel JP. Solian: evaluation of 10 years' experimentation and clinical practice. Annales Medicales et Psychologiques 1988;146(1‐2):63‐6. - PubMed
Bogetto 1995 {published data only}
    1. Baldauf A, Metzger JY, Sichel JP. Adjunctive flouxetine or amisulpride improves schizophrenic negative symptoms. European Journal of Psychiatry 1995;9(2):119‐26.
Brunner 1987 {published data only}
    1. Brunner H, Croisy JL, Crennar A. [Efficacité thérapeutique et tolérance du Solian dans le traitement de l'inhibition]. Actualités en Psychiatrie 1987;17:90‐7.
Casey 1997 {published data only}
    1. Casey DE. Comprehensive drug treatment of schizophrenia: the impact of a non‐conventional antipsychotic amisulpride. Introduction. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1997;12(Suppl. 2):S1‐2.
Cassan 1985 {published data only}
    1. Cassan P. Benzamides, a therapeutic response adapted to two sides, paranoid and hebephrenic, of schizophrenia. Annales Medico Psychologiques 1985;143(7):677‐82. - PubMed
Chabannes 1998 {published data only}
    1. Chabannes JP, Pelissolo A, Farah S, Gerard D. Evaluation of the effects and tolerance of amisulpride in the treatment of psychotic schizophrenics [Evaluation de l'efficacité et de la tolérance de l'amisulpride dans le traitement des psychoses schizophréniques]. Encephale 1998;24(4):386‐92. - PubMed
Clerc 1989 {published data only}
    1. Clerc G. Double blind study of DAN 2163 in different dosages with schizophrenia patients [Étude en double aveugle du DAN 2163 à différentes posologies chez les malades schizophrenes]. Rapport d'expertise 2163 D162, 1981.
    1. Clerc G. Double‐blind study of amisulpride at different dosages in negative schizophrenic patients. In: Borenstein P editor(s). Amisulpride. Paris: Expansion Scientifique Française, 1989:105‐10.
    1. Clerc G. Double‐blind study of amisulpride at different dosages in negative schizophrenic patients. Semaine des Hôpitaux de Paris 1989;65(17):1079‐82.
Colonna 1997 {published data only}
    1. Colonna L, Gonzalez‐Dunia J, Denis S. Amisulpride new data in the productive and deficit formes of schizophrenia: a review. Biological Psychiatry 1997;42(Suppl. 1):182S.
Coukell 1996 {published data only}
    1. Coukell AJ, Spencer CM, Benfield P. Amisulpride. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 1996;6(3):237‐56.
Coulouvrat 1999 {published data only}
    1. Coulouvrat C, Dondey‐Nouvel L. Safety of amisulpride (Solian): a review of 11 clinical studies. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1999;14:209‐18. - PubMed
Darondel 1983 {published data only}
    1. Darondel A, Ait‐Menguellet A, Busch M, Dupont A. Open study to determine DAN2163 postition for acute delirious psychosis [Étude ouverte du DAN2163 dans les psychoses délirantes aigües]. Rapport d'Expertise, 2163 D355, 1983.
Dollfus 1992 {published data only}
    1. Dollfus S, Petit M, Menard JF, Lesieur P. Amisulpride versus bromocriptine in infantile autism: a controlled crossover comparative study of two drugs with opposite effects on dopaminergic function. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1992;22(1):47‐60. - PubMed
    1. Dollfus S, Petit P, Menard JF. Pharmacoclinical study of an agonist and an antagonist of dopamine in early infantile autism. Neuropsychiatrie de l'enfance et de l'adolescence 1992;40(5‐6):300‐9.
Duval 1993 {published data only}
    1. Duval F, Mokrani MC, Macher JP, Crocq MA, Oliveira Castro J, Bailey P, Lataste X. Neuroendocrine profile of SDZ HDC‐912 and OPC‐4392, two new atypical antipsychotic drugs, in schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology 1993;110(1‐2):177‐80. - PubMed
Gayral 1981 {published data only}
    1. Gayral LF. Clinical essay of DAN2163 [Essai clinique du DAN2163]. Rapport d'Expertise, 2163 D163, 1981.
Jäger‐Becker 1996 {published data only}
    1. Jäger‐Becker D. Amisulpride improves negative symptoms in schizophrenia. TW Neurologie Psychiatrie 1996;10(10):760.
Josserand 1988 {published data only}
    1. Josserand F, Weber F. Amisulpride (Solian registered ): an energizing neuroleptic with prompt effectiveness against negative symptoms [L'Amisulpride (Solian): Un neuroleptique antidéficitaire d'action rapide]. Annales de Psychiatrie 1988;3(3 bis):306‐311.
Lecrubier 1981 {published data only}
    1. Lecrubier Y. General review. Preliminary clinical studies of DAN2163 [Revue générale. Etudes cliniques préliminaires du DAN2163]. Rapport d'expertise, 2163 D 357, 1981.
Lecrubier 1988 {published data only}
    1. Lecrubier Y, Puech A J, Aubin F, Boyer P, Deyrieux B. Comparative double‐blind study of two doses of amisulpride and placebo in the treatment of the negative syndrome of non‐psychotic subjects. In: Borenstein P editor(s). Amisulpride. Paris: Expansion Scientifique Française, 1989:167‐79.
    1. Lecrubier Y, Puech AJ, Aubin F, Boyer P, Deyrieux B. Improvement by amisulpride of the negative syndrome of non‐psychotic subjects: a preliminary study. Psychiatrie and Psychobiologie 1988;3:329‐33.
Linde 1982 {published data only}
    1. Linde OK, Mammele H, Stripp L. [Offene Studie mit DAN2163]. Psycho 1982;8:57‐8.
Mann 1984 {published data only}
    1. Mann K, Bartels M, Bauer H, Gaertner HJ. Amisulpride ‐ an open clinical study of a new benzamide in schizophrenic patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 1984;17(4):111‐5. - PubMed
Martinot 1996 {published data only}
    1. Martinot JL, Paillère‐Martinot ML, Poirier MF, Dao‐Castellana MH, Loc'h C, Mazière B. In vivo characteristics of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy by amisulpride in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 1996;124:154‐8. - PubMed
Maubray a 1988 {published data only}
    1. Maubray MC, Jacquot C, Ganidec J, Guez M, Idée JM, Margarit J. [Profil pharmacologique et bioclinique de l'amisulpride]. Annales de Psychiatrie 1988;3(3 bis):284‐97.
Maubray b 1988 {published data only}
    1. Maubray MC, Trouvin JH, Margarit J, Jacquot C. [Comparison de l'amisulpride (Solian) et de l'haloperidol: études comportementales et neurobiochimiques]. Réunion de l'Association des Pharmacologistes Français, Belges et Suisses, Lousanne, 23‐26 mars. 1988.
Mecheri 1993 {published data only}
    1. Mecheri G, Marie‐Cardine M, Terra JL. Open trial of amisulpride on negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 1993;25(4):347‐55.
Pichot 1986 {published data only}
    1. Pichot P, Boyer P, Dreyfus JF. Clinical effects of a new substituted benzamide (amisulpride) on the negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1986;9(Suppl. 4):115.
Rein 1995 {published data only}
    1. Rein, W. Acute and long‐term treatment of schizophrenia: different strategies for positive and negative symptoms?. 8th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress; 1995; Venice, Italy. 1995.
Rein a 1996 {published data only}
    1. Rein W, Favannec‐Meidinger C, Turjanski S. Amisulpride, an "atypical" antipsychotic. Safety profile. Xth World Congress of Psychiatry; 1996; Madrid, Spain. 1996.
Rein b 1996 {published data only}
    1. Rein W, Turjanski S, Fleurot O. Amisulpride in the Treatment of Deficit Schizophrenia. Xth World Congress of Psychiatry; 1996; Madrid, Spain. 1996.
Rein c 1996 {published data only}
    1. Rein W, Turjanski S, Fleurot O. Amisulpride in the Treatment of Productive Schizophrenia. Xth World Congress of Psychiatry; 1996; Madrid, Spain. 1996.
Singer 1983 {published data only}
    1. Singer L. [Étude ouverte de l'efficacité et de la tolérance de faibles doses de DAN2163 dans le traitement des schizophrenies affectives]. Rapport d'Expertise, 2163 D354, 1983.
Singer 1990 {published data only}
    1. Singer L, Danion JM. Therapeutic value of low doses of amisulpride in the treatment of schizophrenia where negative symptoms predominate. Journal Médical de Strasbourg 1990;144(6):344‐8.
Souetre 1992 {published data only}
    1. Souêtre E, Martin P, Lecanu JP, Alexandre L, Lozet H, Gauthier JM, Camus C. Medico‐economic assessment of neuroleptics in schizophrenia. Amisulpride versus haloperidol. Encephale 1992;18(3):263‐9. - PubMed
Sutter 1983 {published data only}
    1. Sutter JM, Tatossian A. [DAN 2163: étude clinique]. Rapport d'expertise, 2163 D339, 1983.
Terra 1990 {published data only}
    1. Terra JL, Chatard JP, Dufour H, Fremont P, Gorceix A, Guedj B, Guyotat J, Leger JM, Marie‐Cardine M, Wartel R. Value of amisulpride in schizophrenia with negative symptoms. Results of an open, multicentre trial as single‐blind therapy [Intérêt de l'amisulpride dans les schizophénies à forme déficitaire. Résultats d'un essai ouvert multicentrique en monothérapie]. Semaine des Hopitaux 1990;1(66):251‐3.
Toren 1998 {published data only}
    1. Toren P, Laor N, Weizman A. Use of atypical neuroleptics in child and adolescent psychiatry. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1998;59(12):644‐56. - PubMed
Trichard 1998 {published data only}
    1. Trichard C, Paillère‐Martinot ML, Attar Levy D, Recassens C, Monnet F, Martinot JL. Binding of antipsychotic drugs to cortical 5‐HT(2A) receptors: A PET study of chlorpromazine, clozapine, and amisulpride in schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1998;4:505‐8. - PubMed
Tridon 1989 {published data only}
    1. Tridon P. Clinical testing of amisulpride in child neuropsychiatry. Neuropsychiatrie de l'enfance et de l'adolescence 1989;37(8‐9):441‐4.
Trieloff 1996 {published data only}
    1. Trieloff I. Dose dependent mechanism of action of amisulpride in the treatment of schizophrenia. TW Neurologie Psychiatrie 1996;10(12):946.
Turjanski 1998 {published data only}
    1. Turjanski S, Rein W, Théron M. Onset of action in acute schizophrenia, amisulpride versus haloperidol. European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress; 1998; Paris, France. 1998.
Vaiva 1994 {published data only}
    1. Vaiva G, Thomas P, Desbonnet P, Dutoit D, Bianchi Decaix I, Goudemand M, Steinling M. Regional cerebral blood flow before and after low doses of amisulpride in negative schizophrenia. Circulation et Metabolisme du Cerveau 1994;1:21‐32.
Widlocher 1990 {published data only}
    1. Widlocher D, Allilaire JF, Guerard des Lauriers A, Lecrubier Y. [L'amisulpride, neuroleptique et antidéficitaire]. Encephale 1990;16:159‐63. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Gray 1998 {published data only}
    1. Gray 1998. Amisulpride: a novel antipsychotic with low propensity to cause extrapyramidal side effects. Mental Health Care 1998;2(1):18‐9.

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