How should clinicians manage osteoporosis in ankylosing spondylitis?

Abstract

Osteoporosis is a common complication of AS, with an incidence between 18.7% and 62%. The prevalence of osteoporosis is greater in males, and increases with increasing patient age and disease duration. Osteoporosis is also more common in patients with syndesmophytes, cervical fusion, and peripheral joint involvement. These variables are not all independent, as they may be indicators of disease duration. Osteoporosis in patients with AS is largely confined to the axial skeleton, in contrast to the pattern of osteoporosis seen in rheumatoid arthritis. BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck may be severely reduced, while most studies indicate that carpal and radial BMD remain within normal limits. The development of syndesmophytes in late AS can lead to difficulties in the use of DEXA scanning to determine lumbar BMD, as the extraspinal bone may obscure osteoporotic vertebrae. Under these circumstances more accurate assessment of lumbar BMD, and one that correlates better with femoral neck BMD, may be obtained by quantitative CT scanning or DEXA scanning of the lateral aspect of the L3 vertebra. Osteoporosis in AS significantly increases the risk of vertebral compression fractures within 5 years of the diagnosis of AS. The risk of a vertebral compression fracture occurring over a 30 year period following the diagnosis of AS is 14%, compared to 3.4% for population controls. In patients with vertebral osteoporosis relatively minor trauma, such as slipping, can lead to spinal fracture and dislocatior with subsequent damage to the spinal cord. There is a higher incidence of spinal cord injury following spinal fracture dislocations in patients with AS, and the resulting neurological deficit can range from mild sensory loss to complete paraplegia. Cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6 may play an important part in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in early AS, and IL-6 levels have been correlated with markers of disease activity and severity. In late AS, mechanical factors such as decreased mobility and the support provided by extraspinal bone may play a role in vertebral osteoporosis. Screening patients with AS for the presence of osteoporosis is an important, but contentious subject. This and subsequent monitoring needs to be considered in all patients, but longterm studies are needed to determine with confidence which patients should undergo screening, by which methods, and how often. The treatment of osteoporosis in AS is at present similar to that used for primary osteoporosis, except that due to the male predominance and a relatively young age of patients, there is a limited role for hormone replacement therapy. Exercise regimens and bisphosphonates are widely used, but a study of the relative efficacy of different bisphosphonate agents in patients with AS is required.