Controversies and advances in the management of Wilms' tumour

Abstract

Wilms tumour is one of the success stories of paediatric oncology with long term survival approaching 90% in localised disease and over 70% for metastatic disease. Although appearing relatively simple compared to other cancer treatment regimens, successful treatment of Wilms tumour requires meticulous attention to correct staging of the tumour and good communication between the paediatric surgeon, pathologist and oncologist. The controversy of whether pre-operative chemotherapy results in a reduced overall burden of treatment compared to immediate nephrectomy has been addressed by the recently closed UKW3 randomised trial. Challenges remain in identification of histological and molecular risk factors for stratification of treatment intensity to allow safe reduction in therapy and avoidance of late sequelae for the majority while leading to increased biological insights and ultimately novel therapies for the minority of high risk tumours. Genetic predisposition to Wilms tumour is conferred by several genes, some of which cause malformation rather than cancer and may be of low penetrance. The proportion of children with heritable disease is uncertain and there remains a need to collect data on the need for screening in this susceptible population.

Figure 1

Cumulative risk of renal failure in five subgroups of patients defined hierarchically by the presence of a specific congenital anomaly or syndrome or intralobar nephrogenic rests (ILNR), DDS, Denys–Drash syndrome; WAGR, Wilms' tumour/aniridia syndrome; GU anomaly only, isolated male hypospadias or cryptorchidism; unilateral, ILNR, unilateral disease with ILNR but without any listed syndrome or anomaly; unilateral, no ILNR, unilateral disease without ILNR and without any syndrome or anomaly. Reproduced by permission of Edward Arnold Limited. NWTSG data provided by Dr N Breslow.