Airway management after upper cervical spine injury: what have we learned?

Abstract

Purpose: Survival after atlanto-axial-occipital ligamentous injury is uncommon and experience with the immediate clinical management of these patients is similarly low. There has been considerable work published recently with respect to airway management in similar patients and a review of this material was undertaken.

Methods: Medline searches were performed to seek out the English language literature using the key words and phrases: cervical spinal injury; atlanto-occipital dislocation; atlanto-occipital disarticulation; and airway management after spinal injury. The titles were culled for materials relevant particularly to upper cervical spinal injury, these were obtained and reviewed. The bibliographies of these articles were searched to ensure that the review would be complete.

Relevant findings: The majority of cervical spinal movement occurring during direct laryngoscopy is concentrated in the upper cervical spine. The magnitude of movement during airway management rarely exceeds the physiological limits of the spine. Movement is reduced by in-line immobilization but traction forces cause clinically important distraction and should be avoided. Indirect techniques for tracheal intubation cause less cervical movement than does the direct laryngoscope. Survival after severe upper ligamentous injury is uncommon but intact survival occurs. Missed diagnosis is common and associated with a high incidence of severe secondary injury. Failure to immobilize the spine is deemed to be the most relevant factor in secondary injury.

Conclusions: Patients who survive severe upper cervical ligamentous injury and present to hospital are uncommon. However, of those who do, both intact survival and survival with limited neurological sequelae do occur. Meticulous airway care with maintenance of alignment and provision of continuous cervical immobilization are an integral component of care in these patients.