Anatomicohistologic study of the retaining ligaments of the face and use in face lift: retaining ligament correction and SMAS plication

Abstract

Plastic surgeons have sought to improve nasolabial folds, jowls, jaw lines, and cervical contour with face-lifting procedures that are abundant in the literature. The retaining ligaments of the face support facial soft tissue in normal anatomic position, resisting gravitational change. As this ligamentous system attenuates, facial fat descends into the plane between the superficial and deep facial fascia, and the stigmata of facial age develop. In this study, surgical correction of the retaining ligaments and plication of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) to reposition the structures that have descended with gravitation are discussed. The anatomy of the facial retaining ligaments was studied in 22 half-faces of 11 fresh cadavers, and the localization, extension, and width of the ligaments were examined macroscopically and histologically. Surgical correction of the retaining ligaments and plication of the SMAS have been accomplished in 27 face-lift patients with this anatomicohistologic study taken into consideration. There was hematoma in one patient at the cheek region and a permanent dimple caused by postoperative edema in two patients, with a localization of one zygomatic and two parotidomasseteric ligaments. In one patient, hypesthesia in the mandibular nerve region was seen, which remitted at 14 weeks. There were no other complications, and with a follow-up of 24 months, excellent aesthetic results and a high level of patient satisfaction were encountered.