Hepatitis A vaccine

Abstract

Hepatitis A is an infectious disease frequently reported in the United States. An average of 26,000 cases were reported each year during 1980 to 1999; probably 3 times as many occurred. Hepatitis A vaccines provide a powerful new prevention tool. The 2 inactivated hepatitis A vaccines available as pediatric and adult formulations in the United States and in many other countries are safe, immunogenic, and efficacious. A single dose provides excellent short-term protection; the second dose is thought to be important for long-term protection. Because hepatitis A virus (HAV) is excreted in high concentrations in the stool, the principal mode of transmission is person-to-person by the fecal-oral route, most commonly among household and sexual contacts of people with HAV infection. Children can be important in transmission because they frequently have unrecognized or asymptomatic infection. Implementation of recommendations for routine hepatitis A vaccination of children living in areas with consistently elevated hepatitis A rates appears to be resulting in dramatic declines in the overall incidence of the disease. Improved vaccination coverage and continued monitoring of incidence rates are needed to determine the overall long-term impact of this strategy.