C5a is important in the tubulointerstitial component of experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis

Abstract

Interstitial injury is the hallmark of glomerulonephritis which is progressing to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In humans and experimental animals, we have shown that interstitial disease is accompanied by up-regulation of complement components in tubular epithelial cells. Glomerulonephritis was induced in mice by the intraperitoneal injection of horse spleen apoferritin (HSA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition to wild-type C57/B6 mice, animals in which the C5a receptor had been deleted (C5aR KO) were used. Animals were killed after 3 or 6 weeks, and kidneys harvested. At three weeks, both groups had evidence of mild mesangial matrix expansion and increased cellularity; there were no crescents, sclerotic lesions, or interstitial disease. At six weeks, glomerular lesions were advanced, but identical in the two groups. Both groups had evidence of an identical pattern of C3 gene expression in the tubular epithelium by in situ hybridization. There was a marked difference, however, in the extent of interstitial injury. Wild-type animals had significantly greater numbers of infiltrating interstitial cells, greater expansion of the peritubular space, more tubular atrophy, and more apoptotic tubular cells than did C5aR KOs. The anaphylotoxic fragment of C5, C5a, is not likely to be important in the glomerular component of this model of progressive glomerulonephritis. On the other hand, the interstitial component is markedly attenuated in knockout animals. These data support a role for complement in the interstitial component of this glomerulonephritis model. They are consistent with our hypotheses of a role for complement in the progression of some forms of glomerulonephritis to ESRD.

Fig. 1

(a–b) Representative glomeruli from (a) WT and (b) C5aRK0 mice, treated with HSA and LPS and killed at 6 weeks. Hematoxylin and eosin, 200×. (c–d) Interstitial areas from (c) WT and (d) C5aRKO mice, treated with HSA and LPS and killed at 6 weeks. Hematoxylin and eosin, 200×. (e) Detail of interstitial area from WT mouse, treated with HSA and LPS and killed at 6 weeks. Note atrophic proximal tubule (arrow). Periodic Acid Schiff, 200×. (f–g) TUNEL reaction for apoptosis on kidney tissue from (f) WT and (g) C5aRKO mice, treated with HSA and LPS and killed at 6 weeks. (alkaline phosphatase), 200×.

Fig. 2

In situ hybridization for C3 mRNA on WT (a, c) and C5aRKO (b, d) mice treated with HSA and LPS for 3 (a, b) or 6 (c, d) weeks before killing. 100×, dark field.