Personality and vulnerability to depression in stroke patients: a 1-year prospective follow-up study

Abstract

Background and purpose: Depression is a frequent sequela of stroke that negatively interferes with rehabilitation outcome. Personality traits have been neglected as potential vulnerability factors for poststroke depression (PSD). In a 1-year prospective study, the influence of the 5 main personality traits (ie, neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) on the development of PSD was studied.

Methods: One month after stroke, 190 consecutive patients with a first-ever supratentorial infarct were asked to complete a personality inventory, the NEO-Five Factor Inventory, which is based on the Five Factor Model of personality. Depressive symptoms were assessed 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after stroke with 3 self-rating questionnaires as screening instruments for depression. PSD was diagnosed as major or minor depression through the use of the Structured Clinical Interview from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Results: The 1-year cumulative incidence of depression was 38.7%. Cox regression analysis showed that patients with high neuroticism scores had a 4.6-times-higher risk of developing PSD than patients with low neuroticism scores (P=0.001) regardless of lesion location. Level of handicap was the only other factor that showed an independent effect on the occurrence of PSD.

Conclusions: Neuroticism is an important predictor of PSD, a finding that emphasizes the need to take personality into account as a potential vulnerability factor for depression in stroke patients. Research on PSD should aim at delineating the interplay between neurological and psychological factors in the development of PSD.