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Review
. 2002 Oct;110(7):899-904.
doi: 10.1172/JCI16391.

Regulation and mechanisms of macrophage cholesterol efflux

Alan R Tall  1 , Philippe Costet, Nan Wang
Affiliations
Review

Regulation and mechanisms of macrophage cholesterol efflux

Alan R Tall et al. J Clin Invest. 2002 Oct.
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
LXR target genes and their products. LXR regulates cholesterol (Chol) efflux, centripetal cholesterol transport, cholesterol excretion, and fatty acid biosynthesis by inducing multiple genes involved in lipid metabolism. Two products of these genes, ABCA1 and apoE, promote macrophage cholesterol efflux. Another LXR target, macrophage LPL, is activated by apoC-II, which is also regulated by LXR. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) promotes transfer of HDL cholesteryl ester to VLDLs, which are taken up by the liver. In the liver, Cyp7α (cytochrome P450 7α) promotes cholesterol excretion by mediating conversion of cholesterol into bile acids. ABCG5 and ABCG8 facilitate hepatic and intestinal cholesterol excretion. LXR activates SREBP1c, regulating the expression of multiple lipogenic proteins, including FAS (fatty acid synthesis), which is also a direct target of LXR.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic model of ABCA1. The model is based on studies by Bungert et al. (30) on ABCA4 membrane topology and by Fitzgerald et al. (33, 49) on ABCA1 membrane topology. ABCA4 is the closest relative of ABCA1.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Models for ABCA1-mediated lipid efflux. (a) ABCA1 promotes phospholipid (PL)and cholesterol (FC) efflux from a membrane domain in a single step. (b) ABCA1, located in a border region between liquid and cholesterol-rich liquid–ordered domains (rafts), promotes phospholipid and cholesterol efflux to apoA-I. (c) ABCA1 first promotes phospholipid efflux to apoA-I to form intermediate complexes, which then remove cholesterol from rafts.
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