Load transfer and fixation mode of press-fit acetabular sockets

Abstract

Adequate initial fixation is a prerequisite for osseointegration and secondary stability of noncemented cups. Physiologic force transmission between the cup and acetabulum guarantees the best long-term fixation. To study load transfer within the natural hip joint and in the bone-implant interface of 2 different hemispherical noncemented press-fit cups, 10 hips were investigated in an experimental setup simulating single-leg stance. Load distribution and contact area were measured using prescale pressure-sensitive films and digital image analysis. Three dominant locations near the periphery of the acetabulum could be identified. Main load transfer occurs in the cranial region of the acetabulum, where it is buttressed by the iliac bone; the second location is at the posterior-inferior region at the ischial facet, and the third location is at the anterior region, where support is provided by the pubic bone. Peripheral rim contact was present in both cups but not completely circumferential. It showed marked loading at the same 3 locations similar to the natural hip joint. The ilioischial diagonal axis produced the highest press-fit. Peak local forces were found at the ischial and iliac facets. Local forces can be grouped into an iliac, an ischial, and a pubic group contributing 55%, 25%, and 20% to the total hip joint force. Pole contact was not present in the natural hip and with the biradial press-fit cup with flattened pole area but was observed with the pure hemispherical cup. Hence, stable fixation of an acetabular cup is achieved best by a 3-point-like bony support at the iliac, ischial, and pubic bone. The acetabular fovea does not provide functional support of the femoral head or endoprosthetic socket. In revision surgery, remaining peripheral bone stock at the iliac, ischial, and pubic locations allows stable implantation of primary cups.