Long-term effects of reflux nephropathy on blood pressure and renal function in adults

Abstract

Aims: We investigated whether the grade of renal damage assessed by urography in adult patients with vesicoureteral reflux can be used to identify patients at risk of developing hypertension and/or deterioration of renal function. In addition, maternal and fetal outcome of pregnancy was studied.

Methods: Vesicoureteral reflux was diagnosed at a median age of 27 years (range 16-60) in 115 patients (98 women). Excluding patients subjected to nephrectomy or heminephrectomy after inclusion (n = 12), 88 patients had renal damage at inclusion urography and a median follow-up time of 16 years. The median follow-up time was 18 years in 15 patients without renal damage. Grading of renal damage was performed and blood pressure, serum creatinine concentration and albuminuria were measured. Hypertension was considered to be present if the systolic blood pressure was > or =140 mm Hg and/or the diastolic blood pressure was > or =90 mm Hg. It was classified as mild (<180 mm Hg systolic and <105 mm Hg diastolic), or moderate to severe (> or =180 mm Hg systolic and/or > or =105 mm Hg diastolic). Renal function was classified as stable or deteriorating.

Results: There was no significant difference in the frequency of hypertension among those with (52%) or without (33%) renal damage, but moderate to severe hypertension (16 patients) was only seen in patients with renal damage. Median systolic and diastolic blood pressure were higher in patients with than in those without renal damage. Malignant hypertension developed in 4 patients, all had extensive renal damage. Deterioration of renal function occurred in 25 patients, 1 with unilateral and 24 with extensive renal damage (bilateral or in a solitary kidney). This was associated with a high frequency of hypertension (92%) and albuminuria (88%). Sixteen patients developed end-stage renal disease. A total of 242 pregnancies occurred in 89 of the 98 women. Preeclampsia occurred in 16 (18%) women.

Conclusion: Hypertension in adult patients with reflux nephropathy occurs with any grade of renal damage, whereas deterioration of renal function was strongly associated with extensive bilateral renal damage or damage in a solitary kidney.