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. 2002 Dec;68(12):6036-42.
doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.12.6036-6042.2002.

Impact of integrated fish farming on antimicrobial resistance in a pond environment

Andreas Petersen  1 , Jens Strodl Andersen, Tawatchai Kaewmak, Temdoung Somsiri, Anders Dalsgaard
Affiliations

Impact of integrated fish farming on antimicrobial resistance in a pond environment

Andreas Petersen et al. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Dec.

Abstract

Integrated fish farming combines livestock production with fish farming. Animal manure is shed directly into a fish pond as fertilizer and supports the growth of photosynthetic organisms. The livestock, mainly chickens and pigs, is often fed feed containing growth promoters. In this study we investigated the impact of integrated fish farming on the levels of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in a pond environment. One integrated broiler chicken-fish farm was studied for 2 months immediately after the start of a new fish production cycle. A significant increase over time in the resistance to six different antimicrobials was found for the indicator organism Acinetobacter spp. isolated from composite water-sediment samples. The initial resistance levels prior to the new production cycle were 1 to 5%. After 2 months the levels of resistance to oxytetracycline and sulfamethoxazole reached 100%, and the levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin were more than 80%. The long-term effects of resistance on integrated farming were studied on seven additional farms. The resistance levels were particularly high among Enterococcus spp. and were also high among Acinetobacter spp. isolated from water-sediment samples compared to the resistance levels at four control farms. In conclusion, integrated fish farming seems to favor antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the pond environment. This could be attributed to the selective pressure of antimicrobials in the pond environment and/or to the introduction of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from animal manure. Potential risks to human health were not addressed in this study and remain to be elucidated.

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Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Schematic representation of an integrated chicken-fish farm. Sampling sites A and B show the relative positions of the two sites from which water-sediment samples were collected on each integrated fish farm.
FIG. 2.
FIG. 2.
Estimated time-response curves for the levels of antimicrobial resistance for Acinetobacter spp. on integrated farm B1. Abbreviations: CHL, chloramphenicol; CIP, ciprofloxacin; ERY, erythromycin; OTC, oxytetracycline; SMZ, sulfamethoxazole; TMP, trimethoprim.
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