Histone deacetylase-dependent establishment and maintenance of broad low-level histone acetylation within a tissue-specific chromatin domain

Abstract

The murine beta-globin locus in adult erythroid cells is characterized by a broad pattern of erythroid-specific histone acetylation. The embryonic beta-globin genes Ey and betaH1 are located in a approximately 30 kb central subdomain characterized by low-level histone acetylation, while the fetal/adult genes betamajor and betaminor and the upstream locus control region reside in hyperacetylated chromatin. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors induce H4 acetylation at the Ey promoter [Forsberg, E. C., Downs, K. M., Christensen, H. M., Im, H., Nuzzi, P. A., and Bresnick, E. H. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 14494-14499], indicating that HDACs maintain low-level H4 acetylation at this site. Since little is known about the establishment of broad histone modification patterns, we asked whether this mechanism applies only to the promoter or to the entire subdomain. We show that the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A induces H4 hyperacetylation at multiple sites within the subdomain in erythroid cells. The hematopoietic factors p45/NF-E2, GATA-1, and erythroid kruppel-like factor (EKLF), which function through cis elements of the beta-globin locus, were not required for induction of H4 hyperacetylation. Analysis of chromatin structure within the subdomain revealed low accessibility to restriction endonucleases and nearly complete CpG dinucleotide methylation. Induction of H4 hyperacetylation did not restore hallmark features of transcriptionally active chromatin. We propose that an HDAC-dependent surveillance mechanism counteracts constitutive histone acetyltransferase (HAT) access, thereby maintaining low-level H4 acetylation throughout the subdomain.