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Meta-Analysis
. 2003;2003(1):CD002278.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002278.

Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents

V C Marinho  1 , J P Higgins, A Sheiham, S Logan
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents

V C Marinho et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003.

Abstract

Background: Fluoride toothpastes have been widely used for over three decades and remain a benchmark intervention for the prevention of dental caries.

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness and safety of fluoride toothpastes in the prevention of caries in children and to examine factors potentially modifying their effect.

Search strategy: We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (May 2000), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2000), MEDLINE (1966 to January 2000), plus several other databases. We handsearched journals, reference lists of articles and contacted selected authors and manufacturers.

Selection criteria: Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials with blind outcome assessment, comparing fluoride toothpaste with placebo in children up to 16 years during at least one year. The main outcome was caries increment measured by the change in decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces (D(M)FS).

Data collection and analysis: Inclusion decisions, quality assessment and data extraction were duplicated in a random sample of one third of studies, and consensus achieved by discussion or a third party. Authors were contacted for missing data. The primary measure of effect was the prevented fraction (PF) that is the difference in caries increments between the treatment and control groups expressed as a percentage of the increment in the control group. Random effects meta-analyses were performed where data could be pooled. Potential sources of heterogeneity were examined in random effects meta-regression analyses.

Main results: Seventy-four studies were included. For the 70 that contributed data for meta-analysis (involving 42,300 children) the D(M)FS pooled PF was 24% (95% confidence interval (CI), 21 to 28%; p<0.0001). This means that 1.6 children need to brush with a fluoride toothpaste (rather than a non-fluoride toothpaste) over three years to prevent one D(M)FS in populations with caries increment of 2.6 D(M)FS per year. In populations with caries increment of 1.1 D(M)FS per year, 3.7 children will need to use a fluoride toothpaste for three years to avoid one D(M)FS. There was clear heterogeneity, confirmed statistically (p<0.0001). The effect of fluoride toothpaste increased with higher baseline levels of D(M)FS, higher fluoride concentration, higher frequency of use, and supervised brushing, but was not influenced by exposure to water fluoridation. There is little information concerning the deciduous dentition or adverse effects (fluorosis).

Reviewer's conclusions: Supported by more than half a century of research, the benefits of fluoride toothpastes are firmly established. Taken together, the trials are of relatively high quality, and provide clear evidence that fluoride toothpastes are efficacious in preventing caries.

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Conflict of interest statement

None known.

Figures

1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Fluoride toothpaste versus placebo, Outcome 3 D(M)FS increment (SMD) ‐ nearest to 3 years (70 trials).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Fluoride toothpaste versus placebo, Outcome 4 D(M)FT increment (SMD) ‐ nearest to 3 years (53 trials).
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Fluoride toothpaste versus placebo, Outcome 5 Developing one or more new caries (6 trials).
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Fluoride toothpaste versus placebo, Outcome 6 Acquiring extrinsic tooth staining (5 trials).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

References

References to studies included in this review

Abrams 1980 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Hargreaves 1973 {published data only}
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Held 1968b {published data only}
    1. Held AJ, Spirgi M. Clinical Experimentation with a fluoridated toothpaste [Experimentation clinique d'une pate dentifrice fluores]. SSO Schweizerische Monatsschrift Fuer Zahnheilkund 1965;75:883‐905. - PubMed
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    1. Held AJ, Spirgi M. Three years of clinical observations with fluoridated tooth‐pastes [Trois ans d'observations cliniques avec des pates dentifrices fluorees]. Bulletin du Groupement International pour la Recherche Scientifique en Stomatologie 1968;11:539‐70. - PubMed
Hodge 1980 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Hodge HC, Holloway PJ, Davies TG, Worthington HV. Caries prevention by dentifrices containing a combination of sodium monofluorophosphate and sodium fluoride. Report of a 3‐year clinical trial. British Dental Journal 1980;149:201‐4. - PubMed
Homan 1969 {published and unpublished data}
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Horowitz 1966 {published data only}
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Kinkel 1972 {published data only}
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Koch 1967 {published data only}
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Koch 1967a {published data only}
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Lind 1974 {published data only}
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Mainwaring 1978 {published data only}
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Mainwaring 1983 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Marthaler 1965 {published data only}
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Marthaler 1965a {published data only}
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Marthaler 1970 {published data only}
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Marthaler 1970a {published data only}
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Marthaler 1974 {published data only}
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Mergele 1968 {published data only}
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Muhler 1955 {published data only}
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Muhler 1970 {published data only}
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Murray 1980 {published and unpublished data}
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Naylor 1967 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Naylor 1979 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Peterson 1967 {published data only}
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Peterson 1979 {published data only}
    1. Peterson JK. A supervised brushing trial of sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrices in a fluoridated area. Caries Research 1979;13:68‐72. - PubMed
    1. Peterson JK, Williamson L, Casad R. Caries inhibition with MFP‐calcium carbonate dentifrice in fluoridated area [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1975;54:L85.
Powell 1981 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Powell KR, Barnard PD, Craig GG. Effect of stannous fluoride treatments on the progression of initial lesions in approximal surfaces of permanent posterior teeth. Journal of Dental Research 1981;60:1648‐54. - PubMed
Ran 1991 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ran F, Gedalia I, Fried M, Hadani P, Tved A. Effectiveness of fortnightly tooth brushing with amine fluorides in caries‐prone subjects. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 1991;18:311‐6. - PubMed
Reed 1973 {published data only}
    1. Reed MW. Clinical evaluation of three concentrations of sodium fluoride in dentifrices. Journal of the American Dental Association 1973;87:1401‐3. - PubMed
Reed 1975 {published data only}
    1. Reed MW, King JD. A clinical evaluation of a sodium fluoride dentifrice. Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Dentistry 1975;2:77‐82. - PubMed
    1. Reed MW, King JD. A clinical evaluation of a sodium fluoride dentifrice [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1970;IADR Abstr. No 340:133.
Ringelberg 1979 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ringelberg ML, Webster DB. Effects of an amine fluoride mouthrinse and dentifrice on the gingival health and the extent of plaque of school children. Journal of Periodontology 1977;48:350‐3. - PubMed
    1. Ringelberg ML, Webster DB, Dixon DO. Effects of an amine fluoride dentifrice and mouthrinse on the dental caries of school children after 18 months. Journal of Preventive Dentistry 1978;5:26‐30. - PubMed
    1. Ringelberg ML, Webster DB, Dixon DO, Fairchild S, Driscoll WS. Results of gingival, plaque, and stain assessments after 30 months use of amine fluorides and their inorganic counterparts. Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Dentistry 1979;4:27‐31. - PubMed
    1. Ringelberg ML, Webster DB, Dixon DO, LeZotte DC. The caries‐preventive effect of amine fluorides and inorganic fluorides in a mouthrinse or dentifrice after 30 months of use. Journal of the American Dental Association 1979;98:202‐8. - PubMed
Rule 1984 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Rule J, Smith M, Truelove R, Macko D, Castaldi C. Anticaries properties of a 0.78% sodium monofluorophosphate‐silica base dentifrice [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1982;61:281.
    1. Rule JT, Smith MR, Truelove RB, Macko DJ, Castaldi CR. Caries inhibition of a dentifrice containing 0.78% sodium monofluorophosphate in a silica base. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1984;12:213‐7. - PubMed
Segal 1967 {published data only}
    1. Segal AH, Stiff RH, George WA. Caries inhibiting effectiveness of a stannous fluoride‐insoluble sodium metaphosphate (IMP) dentifrice in children. Two year results. Journal of Dental Research 1966;IADR Abstr. No 250:101.
    1. Segal AH, Stiff RH, George WA, Picozzi A. Cariostatic effect of a stannous fluoride‐containing dentifrice on children: two‐year report of a supervised toothbrushing study. Journal of Oral Therapeutics and Pharmacology 1967;4:175‐80. - PubMed
Slack 1964 {published data only}
    1. Slack GL, Martin WJ. The use of a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride in the control of dental caries. Report of an unsupervised clinical trial. British Dental Journal 1964;117:275‐80.
Slack 1967 {published data only}
    1. Slack GL, Berman DS, Martin WJ, Young J. Clinical testing of stannous fluoride‐insoluble metaphosphate dentifrice in kent girls. British Dental Journal 1967;123:9‐16.
Slack 1967a {published data only}
    1. Slack GL, Berman DS, Martin WJ, Hardie JM. Clinical testing of a stannous fluoride‐calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice in Essex school girls. British Dental Journal 1967;123:26‐33.
Slack 1971 {published data only}
    1. Slack GL, Bulman JS, Osborn JF. Clinical testing of fluoride and non‐fluoride containing dentifrices in Hounslow school children. British Dental Journal 1971;130:154‐8. - PubMed
Thomas 1966 {published data only}
    1. Thomas AE, Jamison HC. Effect of SnF2 dentrifices on caries in children: two‐year clinical study of supervised brushing in children's homes. Journal of the American Dental Association 1966;73:844‐52. - PubMed
Torell 1965 {published data only}
    1. Torell P. The Goteborg studies of methods of applying fluorides topically. In: Hardwick JL, Held HR, Konig KG editor(s). Advances in fluorine research and dental caries prevention. Vol. 3, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1965:255‐8. - PubMed
    1. Torell P, Ericsson Y. Two year clinical tests with different methods of local caries‐preventive fluorine application in Swedish school‐children (Part I: The Goteborg study). Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1965;23:287‐312. - PubMed
Torell 1965a {published data only}
    1. Torell P, Ericsson Y. Two‐year clinical tests with different methods of local caries‐preventive fluorine application in Swedish school‐children (Part II: The Sodertalje study). Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1965;23:313‐22. - PubMed
Torell 1965b {published data only}
    1. Torell P, Ericsson Y. Two‐year clinical tests with different methods of local caries‐preventive fluorine application in Swedish school‐children (Part II: The Sodertalje study). Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1965;23:313‐22. - PubMed
Weisenstein 1972 {published data only}
    1. Weisenstein PR, Zacherl WA. A multiple‐examiner clinical evaluation of a sodium fluoride dentifrice. Journal of the American Dental Association 1972;84:621‐3. - PubMed
Zacherl 1970 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Zacherl WA, McPhail CW. Evaluation of a stannous fluoride‐calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 1965;31:174‐80. - PubMed
    1. Zacherl WA, McPhail CW. Final report on the efficacy of a stannous fluoride‐calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 1970;36:262‐4. - PubMed
Zacherl 1970a {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Zacherl WA, McPhail CW. Evaluation of a stannous fluoride‐calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 1965;31:174‐80. - PubMed
    1. Zacherl WA, McPhail CW. Final report on the efficacy of a stannous fluoride‐calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 1970;36:262‐4. - PubMed
Zacherl 1972 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Zacherl WA. Clinical evaluation of an aged stannous fluoride‐calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 1972;38:155‐7. - PubMed
Zacherl 1972a {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Zacherl WA. A clinical evaluation of a sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride dentifrices [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1968;IADR Abstr. No 253:101.
    1. Zacherl WA. Clinical evaluation of neutral sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate and acidulated fluoride‐phosphate denifrices. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 1972;38:35‐8. - PubMed
Zacherl 1973 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Zacherl WA. A clinical evaluation of a stannous fluoride and a sarcosinate dentifrice. ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1973;40:451‐3. - PubMed
    1. Zacherl WA. Clinical evaluation of a sarcosinate dentifrice [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1970;IADR Abstr. No 339:133.
Zacherl 1981 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Biesbrock AR, Faller RV, Bartizek RD, Court LK, McClanahan SF. Reversal of incipient and radiographic caries through the use of sodium and stannous fluoride dentifrices in a clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1998;9:5‐10. - PubMed
    1. Caplan DJ, Slade GD, Biesbrock AR, Bartizek RD, McClanahan SF, Beck JD. A comparison of increment and incidence density analyses in evaluating the anticaries effects of two dentifrices. Caries Research 1999;33:16‐22. - PubMed
    1. Zacherl WA. A three‐year clinical caries evaluation of the effect of a sodium fluoride‐silica abrasive dentifrice. Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Dentistry 1981;6:1‐7. - PubMed
    1. Zacherl WA. Clinical evaluation of a sodium fluoride‐silica abrasive dentifrice [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1981;60:577. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Antia 1974 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Antia FE, Shahani DR, Kapadia JD. A clinical study of sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice in institutionalized children in the city of Bombay. Journal of the Indian Dental Association 1974;46:165‐70.
Axelsson 1976 {published data only}
    1. Axelsson P, Lindhe J, Waseby J. The effect of various plaque control measures on gingivitis and caries in schoolchildren. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1976;4:232‐9. - PubMed
Bibby 1945 {published data only}
    1. Bibby BG. A test of the effect of fluoride containing‐dentifrices on dental caries. Journal of Dental Research 1945;24:297‐303. - PubMed
Bixler 1962 {published data only}
    1. Bixler D, Muhler JC. Experimental clinical human caries test design and interpretation. Journal of the American Dental Association 1962;65:482‐8. - PubMed
Bixler 1966 {published data only}
    1. Bixler D, Muhler JC. Effectiveness of a stannous fluoride‐containing dentifrice in reducing dental caries in children in a boarding school environment. Journal of the American Dental Association 1966;72:653‐8. - PubMed
Bixler 1966a {published data only}
    1. Bixler D, Muhler JC. Combined use of three agents containing stannous fluoride: a prophylactic paste a solution and a dentifrice. Journal of the American Dental Association 1964;68:792‐800. - PubMed
    1. Bixler D, Muhler JC. Effect on dental caries in children in a nonfluoride area of combined use of three agents containing stannous fluoride: a prophylactic paste, a solution, and a dentifrice. II. Results at the end of 24 and 36 months. Journal of the American Dental Association 1966;72:392‐6. - PubMed
Downer 1976 {published data only}
    1. Downer MC, Holloway PJ, Davies TG. Clinical testing of a topical fluoride caries preventive programme. British Dental Journal 1976;141:242‐7. - PubMed
    1. Downer MC, Spencer SJ. Evaluating a dental caries preventive programme. Royal Society Health Journal 1973;93:129‐32. - PubMed
Ennever 1980 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ennever J, Peterson JK, Hester WR, Segreto VA, Radike AW. Influence of alkaline pH on the effectiveness of sodium fluoride dentifrices. Journal of Dental Research 1980;59:658‐61. - PubMed
Finn 1963 {published data only}
    1. Finn SB, Jamison HC. A comparative clinical study of three dentifrices. ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1963;30:17‐25.
Gish 1965 {published data only}
    1. Gish CW, Muhler JC. Effect on dental caries in children in a natural fluoride area of combined use of three agents containing stannous fluoride: a prophylactic paste, a solution and a dentifrice. Journal of the American Dental Association 1965;70:914‐20. - PubMed
Gutherz 1968 {published data only}
    1. Gutherz M. Clinical demonstration of the inhibitory effect on caries of a metaphosphate containing fluoride toothpaste [Klinischer Nachweis der Karieshemmwirkung einer metaphosphathaligen Fluorzahnpaste]. SSO Schweizerische Monatsschrift Fuer Zahnheilkund 1968;78:235‐47. - PubMed
Halikis 1966 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Halikis SE. A pilot study on the effectiveness of a stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental caries in children. Australian Dental Journal 1966;11:336‐7. - PubMed
Hill 1959 {published data only}
    1. Hill TJ. Fluoride dentifrices. Journal of the American Dental Association 1959;59:1121‐7. - PubMed
Jiraskova 1965 {published data only}
    1. Jiraskova M, Bures H, Hoskova M, Kotrba V, Thorova J, Mrklas L. Effect of Czechoslovakian‐made toothpaste containing sodium fluoride [Ucinek cs. zubni pasty s pridavkem fluoridu sodneho]. Ceskoslovenske Stomatologie 1965;65:433‐6. - PubMed
Jordan 1959 {published data only}
    1. Jordan WA, Peterson JK. Caries‐inhibiting value of a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride: final report of a two year study. Journal of the American Dental Association 1959;58:42‐4. - PubMed
    1. Jordan WA, Peterson JK. Caries‐inhibiting value of a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride: first year report of a supervised toothbrushing study. Journal of the American Dental Association 1957;54:589‐94. - PubMed
Kunzel 1977 {published data only}
    1. Franke W, Kunzel W, Treide A, Bluthner K. Caries prevention by means of aminofluoride after 7 years of collectively conducted oral hygiene [Karieshemmung durch Aminfluorid nach 7 Jahren kollektiv angeleiteter Mundhygiene]. Stomatologie der DDR 1977;27:13‐6. - PubMed
    1. Franke W, Kunzel W, Treide A, Bluthner K. Longitudinal studies on the inhibition of caries by amine fluoride within the framework of guided and supervised oral hygiene actions [Langsschnittstudien zur Karieshemmung durch Aminfluorid im Rahmen angeleiteter und uberwachter Mundhygiene‐Aktionen]. Stomatologie der DDR 1976;26:532‐7. - PubMed
    1. Franke W, Kunzel W, Treide A, Bluthner K. Wirkungsweise und effwktivitat lokal applizierter aminofluoride zur kariespravention. Medicamentum 1975;16:362.
    1. Geiger L, Kunzel W, Treide A. Comparative clinical‐radiological studies on the increase of caries after controlled mouth hygiene with aminofluoride [Vergleichende klinisch‐rontgenologische Untersuchungen uber den Karieszuwachs nach kontrollierter Mundhygiene mit Aminfluorid]. Deutsch Stomatologie 1971;21:132‐5. - PubMed
    1. Kunzel W. Comparative clinical and x‐ray study of the cariostatic effectiveness of aminofluorides [Sravnitel'noe kliniko‐rentgenologicheskoe issledovanie protivokarioznoi effektivnosti aminoftoridov]. Stomatologiia Mosk 1980;59:67‐70. - PubMed
Lehnhoff 1966 {published data only}
    1. Lehnhoff RW. Clinical measurement of the effect of an anticaries dentifrice by three examiners [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1966;IADR Abstr No 246:100.
Lu 1985 {published data only}
    1. Lu KH, Yen DJ, Zacherl WA, Ruhlman CD, Sturzenberger OP, Lehnhoff RW. The effect of a fluoride dentifrice containing an anticalculus agent on dental caries in children. ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1985;52:449‐51. - PubMed
Luoma 1978 {published data only}
    1. Luoma H, Murtomaa H, Nuuja T, Nyman A, Nummikoski P, Ainamo J, et al. A simultaneous reduction of caries and gingivitis in a group of schoolchildren receiving chlorhexidine‐fluoride applications. Results after 2 years. Caries Research 1978;12:290‐8. - PubMed
Mergele 1968a {published data only}
    1. Mergele M. A supervised brushing study in state institution schools. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 1968;14:247‐50.
Moller 1968 {published data only}
    1. Bay I, Moller IJ. The effect of a sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice on the gingiva. Journal of Periodontal Research 1969;4:103‐8. - PubMed
    1. Moller IJ, Holst JJ, Sorensen E. Caries reducing effect of a sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice. British Dental Journal 1968;124:209‐13. - PubMed
    1. Moller IJ, Holst JJ, Sorensen E. Effect of a toothpaste containing sodium monofluorophosphate with controlled toothbrushing [Effekten af en natriummonofluorfosfatholdig tandpasta ved kontrolleret tandborstning]. Tandlaegebladet 1968;72:705‐17. - PubMed
Muhler 1955a {published data only}
    1. Muhler JC, Radike AW, Nebergall WH, Day HG. Effect of a stannous fluoride‐containing dentifrice on caries reduction in children II. Caries experience after one year. Journal of the American Dental Association 1955;50:163‐6. - PubMed
    1. Muhler JC, Radike AW, Nebergall WH, Day HG. The effect of a stannous fluoride‐containing dentifrice on caries reduction in children. Journal of Dental Research 1954;33:606‐12. - PubMed
Muhler 1957 {published data only}
    1. Muhler JC. Effect on dental caries of a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride and dicalcium phosphate. Journal of Dental Research 1957;36:399‐402. - PubMed
Muhler 1958 {published data only}
    1. Muhler JC. The effect of a modified stannous fluoride‐calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice on dental caries in children. Journal of Dental Research 1958;37:448‐50. - PubMed
Muhler 1960 {published data only}
    1. Muhler JC. Combined anticariogenic effect of a single stannous fluoride solution and the unsupervised use of a stannous fluoride‐containing dentifrice. II. Results at the end of three years. Journal of Dental Research 1960;39:955‐8. - PubMed
    1. Muhler JC. The combined anticariogenic effect of a single stannous fluoride treatment and the unsupervised use of a stannous fluoride‐containing dentifrice. Journal of Dental Research 1959;38:994‐7. - PubMed
Muhler 1962 {published data only}
    1. Muhler JC. Effect of a stannous fluoride dentifrice on caries reduction in children during a three year study period. Journal of the Americal Dental Association 1962;64:216‐24. - PubMed
    1. Muhler JC. The effect of a stannous fluoride dentifrice on caries reduction in children during a three‐year study period (Summary). In: Muhlemann HR, Konig KG editor(s). Caries Symposium Zurich. Berne and Stuttgart: Hans Huber, 1961:9‐13.
Niwa 1975 {published data only}
    1. Niwa T, Baba K, Niwa M. A study on caries prevention effects of dentifrices containing sodium monofluorophosphate, sodium monofluorophosphate plus dextranase, and sodium monofluorophosphate plus sodium phosphate. Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi 1975;25:172‐94. - PubMed
Onisi 1970 {published data only}
    1. Onisi M, Tani H. Clinical trial on the reduction of caries incidence by use of two different fluoride dentifrices. Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi 1970;20:105‐11. - PubMed
Onisi 1974 {published data only}
    1. Onisi M, Kitamura T, Tokumasu A, Murakami Y, Makino S. Cariostatic effect of a new fluoride dentifrice. Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi 1974;24:1‐5. - PubMed
Patz 1970 {published data only}
    1. Patz J, Naujoks R. The caries prophylactic effect of an aminofluoride containing toothpaste in adolescents after 3 years of controlled use [Die kariesprophylaktische Wirkung einer aminfluoridhaltigen Zahnpaste bei Jugendlichen nach dreijahrigem unuberwachten Gebrauch]. Deutsche Zahnarztliche Zeitschrift 1970;25:617‐25. - PubMed
Peffley 1960 {published data only}
    1. Peffley GE, Muhler JC. Effect of a commercial stannous fluoride dentifrice under controlled bruhing habits on dental caries incidence in children: preliminary report. Journal of Dental Research 1960;39:871‐4. - PubMed
Piccione 1979 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Piccione N. Controlled clinical study of the caries prophylactic activity of a new bifluoride toothpaste (sodium monofluorophosphate + sodium fluoride) [Studio clinico controllato sull'attivita carioprofilattica di una nuova pasta dentifricia bifluorurata (monofluorofosfato di sodio + fluoruro di sodio)]. Minerva Stomatologica 1979;28:325‐7. - PubMed
Riethe 1975 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Riethe P, Schubring G. Clinical studies on a sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste in school children [Klinische Prufung einer Natriummonofluorphosphat‐Zahnpaste an Schulkindern]. Deutsche Zahnarztliche Zeitschrift 1975;30:513‐7. - PubMed
Stookey 1975 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Stookey GK, Beiswanger BB. Influence of an experimental sodium fluoride dentifrice on dental caries incidence in children. Journal of Dental Research 1975;54:53‐8. - PubMed
Wrinkler 1953 {published data only}
    1. Wrinkler KC, Backer‐Dirks O, Amerongen J. A reproducible method for caries evaluation. Test in a therapeutic experiment with a fluorinated dentifrice. British Dental Journal 1953;95:119‐24.
Zickert 1982 {published data only}
    1. Zickert I, Lindvall AM, Axelsson P. Effect on caries and gingivitis of a preventive program based on oral hygiene measures and fluoride application. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1982;10:289‐95. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Cichocka 1981 {published data only}
    1. Cichocka E. Economic evaluation of selected methods of contact fluoridation of the teeth [Ocena ekonomiczna wybranych metod kontaktowego fluorkowania zebow]. Czasopismo Stomatologiczne 1981;34:245‐50. - PubMed
    1. Cichocka E. Oral hygiene and the efficacy of selected methods of contact tooth fluoridation [Higiena jamy ustnej a skutecznosc wybranych metod kontaktowego fluorkowania zebow]. Czasopismo Stomatologiczne 1981;34:145‐53. - PubMed
Kinkel 1968 {published data only}
    1. Kinkel HJ, Stolte G. On the effect of a sodium monofluorophosphate‐bromochlorophenol containing toothpaste in a chronic animal experiment and on caries in children during a 2‐year long unsupervised use [Zur Wirkung einer natriummonofluorphosphat‐ und bromchlorophenhaltigen Zahnpasta im chronischen Tierexperiment und auf die Karies bei Kindern wahrend eines zqei Jahre langen, unuberwachten Gebrauches]. DDZ (Deutsche Zahnarzteblatt ) 1968;22:455‐60. - PubMed
Kinkel 1974 {published data only}
    1. Kinkel HJ, Stolte G, Weststrate J. The effectiveness of a fluorophosphate toothpaste on children's teeth [Etude de l'efficacite d'une pate dentifrice au fluorophosphate sur la denture des enfants]. SSO Schweizerische Monatsschrift Fuer Zahnheilkunde 1974;84:577‐89. - PubMed
    1. Rijnbeek PLC, Weststrate J. Development and study of the efficacy of a fluoridated dentifrice [Ontwikkeling en effectiviteitsonderzoek van een gefluorideerde tandpasta]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Tandheelkunde 1976;83:123‐8.
Kobylanska 1975 {published data only}
    1. Kobylanska M. [Evaluation of caries‐inhibiting effects of fluoride‐containing dentifrices of Polish production] Ocena profilaktycznego dzialania krajowych past do zebow zawierajacych niektore zwiazki fluoru. Czasopismo Stomatologie 1975;28:247‐51. - PubMed
Onishi 1967 {published data only}
    1. Onishi E, Okada S, Hinoide M, Akada H, Kon K, Sugano N, et al. Effect of stannous fluoride dentifrice on the reduction of dental caries in schoolchildren. Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi 1967;17:68‐74.
Takeuchi 1968 {published data only}
    1. Takeuchi M, Shimizu T, Kawasaki T, Kizu T. A field study on effect of a dentifrice containing sodium monofluorophosphate in caries prevention. Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi 1968;18:26‐38.
Weisenstein 1967 {published data only}
    1. Weisenstein PR, Lehnhoff RW. A clinical evaluation of an anticaries dentifrice comparing conventional and radiographic measures [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1967;IADR Abstr. No 425:143.
Wilson 1978 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Wilson CJ, Triol CW, Volpe AR. The clinical anticaries effect of a fluoride dentifrice and mouthrinse [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1978;57(IADR Abstr. No 808):276.

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Johnson 1993
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