Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2002 Dec;69(12):928-9, 933, 936 passim.
doi: 10.3949/ccjm.69.12.928.

Emphysema in nonsmokers: alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and other causes

Pyng Lee  1 , Thomas R Gildea, James K Stoller
Affiliations
Free article
Review

Emphysema in nonsmokers: alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and other causes

Pyng Lee et al. Cleve Clin J Med. 2002 Dec.
Free article

Abstract

Nonsmokers with signs of emphysema at an earlier age than is typical for emphysema deserve a workup for one of the less common causes of emphysema, which include alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, connective tissue diseases, hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome, intravenous drug use, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and several rare metabolic disorders.

PubMed Disclaimer

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources