Tautomeric rearrangement of a dihydroflavin bound to monomeric sarcosine oxidase or N-methyltryptophan oxidase

Abstract

Monomeric sarcosine oxidase (MSOX) and N-methyltryptophan oxidase (MTOX) are homologous bacterial flavoenzymes that contain covalently bound flavin [8alpha-(S-cysteinyl)FAD]. Reaction of MSOX or MTOX with a small excess of sodium borohydride results in immediate flavin reduction to a species that exhibits spectral properties (lambda(max) = 405 nm with a second broad peak at 332 nm) similar to those of 3,4-dihydroflavin. The borohydride-reduced enzymes retain full catalytic activity. Substrate reduction converts the 405 nm species to an air-sensitive tetrahydroflavin that reacts with oxygen to yield unmodified oxidized enzyme. Unexpectedly, the putative 3,4-dihydroflavin bound to MSOX or MTOX is unstable in the absence of substrate. An isosbestic conversion of the 405 nm species to yield unmodified, oxidized flavin is observed when the reaction is conducted under aerobic conditions (k(obs) = 4.9 x 10(-2) min(-1)). Under anaerobic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive species resembling 1,5-dihydroflavin is formed in an isosbestic reaction that occurs at a rate similar to that of the aerobic reaction (k(obs) = 5.3 x 10(-2) min(-1)). Possible reaction of the 3,4-dihydroflavin with a second molecule of borohydride to yield an air-sensitive tetrahydroflavin is unlikely since prior scavenging of residual borohydride with excess formaldehyde had no effect on the aerobic conversion to unmodified oxidized flavin. The observed instability is attributed to a tautomeric rearrangement of the 3,4-dihydroflavin to generate 1,5-dihydroflavin, a species that is also air-sensitive. Evidence in favor of an active site facilitated tautomerization reaction is provided by the fact that the stability of the 405 nm species formed with MSOX is enhanced 200-fold upon denaturation with urea or heat. The observed tautomeric rearrangement of 3,4-dihydroflavin may provide insight regarding a related flavin tautomerization reaction that has been proposed as a key step in the biosynthesis of covalent flavin linkages.