Perceptual and cognitive event-related potentials in neuropsychopharmacology: methodological aspects and clinical applications (pharmaco-ERP topography and tomography)

Abstract

Middle latency and late components of event-related brain potential (ERPs) are closely related to perceptual and cognitive information processing, respectively. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the acute effects of lorazepam (2 mg), haloperidol (3 mg), methylphenidate (20 mg) and citalopram (20 mg) on ERP latencies, amplitudes, topographies and tomographies were investigated in 20 healthy subjects of 23-34 years of age. After automatic artifact minimization and rejection, standard N1 and P2 and target N2 and P300 components were determined. The tranquilizer lorazepam prolonged P300 latency, which indicates an impairment of stimulus evaluation time. Low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) revealed decreases in N1 and P300 source strength in those brain regions with relevant generators of these components, which reflects impairments of attentional and cognitive processing resources. The neuroleptic haloperidol decreased N1 and P300 source strength predominantly in those brain regions not involved in the generation of these components, suggesting a shift of resources. The psychostimulant methylphenidate increased P300 source strength in brain regions with major P3b generators, indicating increases in energetic resources associated with stimulus encoding. The antidepressant citalopram increased N1 and P3b source strength in multiple brain regions specifically in the left prefrontal cortex, a brain region in which reduced blood flow and metabolism was found in depressed patients.