Association of ADHD and conduct disorder--brain electrical evidence for the existence of a distinct subtype

Abstract

Background: To evaluate the impact of psychopathological comorbidity with oppositional defiant/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) on brain electrical correlates in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to study the pathophysiological background of comorbidity of ADHD+ODD/CD.

Method: Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a cued continuous performance test (CPT-A-X) in children (aged 8 to 14 years) with ICD-10 diagnoses of either hyperkinetic disorder (HD; n = 15), hyperkinetic conduct disorder (HCD; n = 16), or ODD/CD (n = 15) and normal children (n = 18). HD/HCD diagnoses in all children were fully concordant with the DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD-combined type. ERP-microstates, i.e., time segments with stable brain electrical map topography were identified by adaptive segmentation. Their characteristic parameters and behavioral measures were further analyzed.

Results: Children with HD but not comorbid children showed slower and more variable reaction times compared to control children. Children with HD and ODD/CD-only but not comorbid children displayed reduced P3a amplitudes to cues and certain distractors (distractor-X) linked to attentional orienting. Correspondingly, global field power of the cue-CNV microstate related to anticipation and preparation was reduced in HD but not in HCD. Topographical alterations of the HD occurred already in the cue-P2/N2 microstate. In sum, the comorbid group was less deviant than both the HD-group and the ODD/CD-group.

Conclusions: The findings suggest that HD children (ADHD-combined type without ODD/CD) suffer from a more general deficit (e.g., suboptimal energetical state regulation) including deficits of attentional orienting and response preparation than just a responseinhibitory deficit, backing the hypothesis of an involvement of a dysregulation of the central noradrenergic networks. The results contradict the hypothesis that ADHD+ODD/CD represents an additive co-occurrence of ADHD and ODD/CD and strongly suggest that it represents a separate pathological entity as considered in the ICD-10 classification system, which differs from both HD and ODD/CD-only.