[Use of echocardiography in mitral regurgitation for the assessment of its mechanism and etiology for the morphological analysis of the mitral valve]

Abstract

Echocardiographic assessment of mitral regurgitation allows the diagnosis of its mechanism and cause which are major determinants in the feasibility of mitral valve repair. This assessment is based on a systematic analysis of the different structures of the mitral valve apparatus: mitral annulus (enlargement, calcification), mitral valve morphology (thickening, calcification, floppy valve, vegetations, perforation), mitral valve motion (restriction, identification of the prolapsed leaflets and scallops in patients with mitral valve prolapse or flail leaflets), subvalvular apparatus (ruptured chordae, thickening), papillary muscles, and left ventricular wall. This analysis can diagnose the mechanism of mitral regurgitation according to the Carpentier classification, and can clarify its cause: degenerative lesions (prolapse or flail leaflet with or without ruptured chordae), rheumatic lesions (thickened valves with restricted motion), endocarditis (vegetations, perforation, ruptured chordae), ischemic mitral regurgitation (restricted valve motion with inferior or posterior left ventricular wall asynergy), or functional mitral regurgitation (annular dilatation, displacement of papillary muscles with restricted leaflet motion). Transthoracic echocardiography with harmonic imaging usually allows a comprehensive assessment of functional anatomy of mitral regurgitation. Transesophageal echocardiography is indicated if transthoracic echocardiography is inadequate. It is also indicated just before surgery and as an intraoperative procedure. Real time 3D echocardiography should probably complete the evaluation of mitral regurgitation in the near future.