Transmembrane segment 5 of the dipeptide transporter hPepT1 forms a part of the substrate translocation pathway

Abstract

This study is the first systematic attempt to investigate the role of transmembrane segment 5 of hPepT1, the most conserved segment across different species, in forming a part of the aqueous substrate translocation pathway. We used cysteine-scanning mutagenesis in conjunction with the sulfhydryl-specific reagents, MTSEA and MTSET. Neither of these reagents reduced wild-type-hPepT1 transport activity in HEK293 cells and Xenopus oocytes. Twenty-one single cysteine mutations in hPepT1 were created by replacing each residue within TMS5 with a cysteine. HEK293 cells were then transfected with each mutated protein and the steady-state protein level, [3H]Gly-Sar uptake activity, and sensitivity to the MTS reagents were measured. S164C-, L168C-, G173C-, and I179C-hPepT1 were not expressed on the plasma membrane. Y167C-, N171C-, and S174C-hPepT1 showed </=25% Gly-Sar uptake when compared with WT-hPepT1. P182C-hPepT1 showed approximately 40% specific activity whereas all the remaining transporters, although still sensitive to single cysteine mutations, exhibited more than 50% specific activity when compared to WT-hPepT1. The activity of F166C-, L176C-, S177C-, T178C-, I180C-, T181C-, and P182C-hPepT1 was partially inhibited, while the activity of F163C- and I170C-hPepT1 was completely inhibited by 2.5mM MTSEA. F163C, I165C, F166C, A169C, I170C, S177C, T181C, and P182C were clearly accessible to 1mM MTSET. Overall, these results suggest that TMS5 lines the putative aqueous channel and is slightly tilted from the vertical axis of the channel, with the exofacial half forming a classical amphipathic alpha-helix and the cytoplasmic half being highly solvent accessible.