[Use of devices for spine immobilization for trauma patients at the emergency department: review of the literature]

Abstract

Trauma care implies the use of various devices for partial or total spine immobilization in order to prevent secondary damages due to medical interventions. The aim of this review of the medical and nursing literature of the last 10 years is the analysis of the latest evidences produced and the comparison with the recommendations provided by the most recent clinical guidelines. The following key-words were used ("cervical collar", "spinal board", "trauma", "vacuum mattress", "stretcher", "emergency department", "spinal trauma") and clinical trials, surveys and descriptive studies were searched in Pub-med. According to the most recent studies the spine table should be removed within two hours from the arrival to the Emergency Department in favour of a stretcher with a padded rigid surface. Safety straps for securing the patient on the spinal board should replace spider burlap for trauma patients. Of utmost importance is the correct positioning of a cervical collar of the right size, the positioning of low pillows under occipitis in order to obtain the neutral position of the head and its stabilization through the blocking of the head and trunk.