Hypercholesterolemic valvulopathy: an aspect of malignant atherosclerosis

Abstract

Hypercholesterolemia affects not only the coronary artery, but also the aortic root, particularly the aortic valve. Aortic stenosis is critical in the prognosis for most patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and some heterozygous FH patients who result in aortic valve replacement (AVR). Histopathological examination of their valves shows lipid deposition, inflammatory cell infiltration and calcification in the aortic cusps. These pathological findings are common in non-FH patients with AVR. In homozygous FH patients, the aortic valves are injured by extreme hypercholesterolemia in a relatively short period of time, whereas in heterozygous FH patients with additional risk factors, the damage to the valves occurs over an intermediate time period. In the non-FH population with several risk factors, an underlying raised serum cholesterol level results in gradual impairment over a number of years. Aortic valvular dysfunction caused by hypercholesterolemia, which we termed hypercholesterolemic valvulopathy is recognized to be a life-threatening complication as the primary clinical characteristic of malignant atherosclerosis.