Free tissue transfer: an advanced strategy for postinfection soft-tissue defects in the upper extremity

Abstract

Surgical treatment of severe, necrotizing infections frequently leave compound defects that require complex reconstructive procedures. In the upper extremity, local flap coverage is limited because of the size of the lesions. Regarding the results of early microsurgical coverage of complex postinfectious defects of the lower extremity, the goal of this study was to evaluate the role of free tissue transfer in the treatment of severe infections in the upper extremity. Between 1994 and 1999, 24 patients with major defects as a result of severe necrotizing infections in the upper extremity underwent free tissue transfer. Parameters assessed included the success of infection control, flap survival rate, salvage of the extremity, and an outcome analysis by the Disability of Arm-Shoulder-Hand score and a visual analog scale. Patient age ranged from 17 to 75 years (average age, 50.8 years). Previous treatment of 11 patients in outlying hospitals included 4.2 operative procedures and a delay of admission to the authors' unit of 89 days. The average defect size after debridement was 10.0 x 14.4 cm. Twenty-four free flaps including 16 muscle or musculocutaneous flaps, 4 chimeric flaps from the subscapular system, and 4 osteocutaneous flaps were performed for reconstruction. The overall flap survival was 95.8%. One temporalis fascia flap (TPF) was lost as a result of vascular thrombosis, and three flaps underwent successful revision of the anastomoses. Eight patients required further minor surgical treatment. The Disability of Arm-Shoulder-Hand score yielded an average of 41.5 points, which represents a moderate impairment of activities of daily living. Visual analog scale assessment demonstrated an overall high satisfaction (9.5 points; range, 1-10 points). The data demonstrate that even in severe necrotizing infections resulting in complex acute or chronic defects, limb salvage and infection control can be achieved successfully with radical debridement and early free tissue transfer.