Biomechanical evaluation of healing in a non-critical defect in a large animal model of osteoporosis

Abstract

Current methods for fracture treatment in osteoporosis are not always sufficient. To develop new fixation strategies (both mechanical and biological) requires pre-clinical testing utilizing appropriate models. The aim of this study was to apply a recently developed sheep model of osteoporosis to the study of healing in a non-critical long bone defect. A standardized transverse mid-shaft tibial osteotomy (with a fracture gap of 3 mm) was performed in seven osteoporotic and seven normal sheep and stabilized with a special external fixator for 8 weeks. The fixator was used for weekly in vivo bending stiffness measurements. Ex vivo bending stiffness and torsional stiffness of the callus zone were also determined. Callus area, callus density, and osteoporosis status were determined at 0, 4, and 8 weeks using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. The increase of in vivo bending stiffness of the callus was delayed approximately 2 weeks in osteoporotic animals. A significant difference (33%) in torsional stiffness was found between the osteotomized and contralateral intact tibia in osteoporotic animals, but no significant difference occurred in normal sheep (2%). In osteoporotic animals, ex vivo bending stiffness was reduced 21% (p=0.05). Bending stiffness was correlated with callus density (r=0.76, r=0.53); torsional stiffness was correlated with callus area (r=0.60) and to a lesser extent with callus density (r=0.53). This study demonstrated a delay of fracture healing in osteoporotic sheep tibiae with respect to callus formation, mineralization, and mechanical properties.