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Review
. 2003 Sep;89(9):1104-9.
doi: 10.1136/heart.89.9.1104.

Cardiac and vascular pathophysiology in hypertension

Jamil Mayet  1 , Alun Hughes
Affiliations
Review

Cardiac and vascular pathophysiology in hypertension

Jamil Mayet et al. Heart. 2003 Sep.
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Mechanisms regulating mean arterial blood pressure. ADR, adrenaline; Aldo, aldosterone; Ang II, angiotensin II; ADH, antidiuretic hormone (arginine vasopressin); BP, blood pressure; CNS, central nervous system; HR, heart rate; NO, nitric oxide; ParaNS, parasympathetic nervous system; SV, stroke volume; SNS, sympathetic nervous system.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The Windkessel model of the circulation. The circulation can be approximated by a pump connected to a compliant chamber (elastic arteries) and a flow resistance (resistance vasculature).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Wall stress and tension in a thin walled tube or chamber (Laplace’s law).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Major patterns of myocardial and vascular remodelling in hypertension. CR, concentric remodelling; CHR, concentric hypertrophy; ER, eccentric remodelling; IER, inward eutrophic remodelling; IHR, inward hypertrophic remodelling.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Doppler echocardiographic records showing (A) normal diastolic function, (B) impaired relaxation, and (C) restrictive pattern (that is, severe diastolic function with an increase in left atrial pressure).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Messerli FH. This day 50 years ago. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1038–9. - PubMed
    1. Lever AF, Swales JD. Investigating the hypertensive patient: an overview. In: Swales JD, ed. Textbook of hypertension. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1994:1026–30.
    1. Fung YC. Biomechanics circulation, 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 1997.
    1. Milnor WR. Hemodynamics, 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Williams, 1989.
    1. Nichols WW, O’Rourke MF. McDonald’s blood flow in arteries: theoretical, experimental and clinical principles, 4th ed. London: Edward Arnold, 1998.

MeSH terms