Influence of pregnancy on the pathogenesis of listeriosis in mice inoculated intragastrically

Abstract

Pregnancy increases the risk of listeriosis, a systemic disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes. However, there is incomplete agreement on the reasons for this increased risk. We examined two features of listeriosis in gravid and nongravid female mice following intragastric (gavage) inoculation, namely, (i) disease severity (measured by lethality) and (ii) listerial infectivity (measured by liver and spleen colonization levels up to 120 h postinoculation). Two listerial strains of differing serotype (1/2a and 4nonb) were initially employed. Neither strain produced a lethal infection in nonpregnant female mice (dose range, 10(6) to 10(9) CFU/mouse), and only the 4nonb strain produced lethalities in pregnant mice (dose range, 10(6) to 10(8) CFU/mouse). The 4nonb strain also produced a higher level of liver and spleen colonization than the 1/2a strain following gavage administration. (The two strains showed similar levels of colonization if parenterally administered.) Both strains were equally capable of binding to and forming plaques upon cultured mouse enterocytes. The ability of the 4nonb strain to produce a lethal infection in pregnant animals did not correlate with an increased incidence or level of liver and spleen colonization over that in nonpregnant females. However, the lethality rate did correlate well with the rate at which embryos and their surrounding decidual covering became infected, suggesting that intrauterine infection could be responsible for the increased disease severity in the gravid females.

FIG. 1.

Liver and spleen colonization levels of strains 10403S and F6214-1 in pregnant and nonpregnant intragastrically inoculated groups of mice sacrificed at 72 (A) and 120 (B) h postinoculation. Columns indicate the average log₁₀ CFU colonization levels, and error bars indicate standard errors of the mean. Averages were obtained from a minimum of three experiments, each involving at least two mice at each time point. Analysis for mean variation employed Student's t test in an unpaired, two-tailed test assuming equal variance. Statistically relevant differences are described in the text.

FIG. 2.

Liver and spleen colonization levels of strains 10403S and F6214-1 in pregnant and nonpregnant parenterally inoculated groups of mice sacrificed at 72 (A) and 120 (B) h postinoculation. Columns indicate the average log₁₀ CFU colonization levels, and error bars indicate standard errors of the mean. Averages were obtained from a minimum of two experiments, each involving at least two mice at each time point. Analysis for mean variation employed Student's t test in an unpaired, two-tailed test assuming equal variance. Statistically relevant differences referred to in the text are denoted with an asterisk (*) or cross (†).

FIG. 3.

Gram-stained section through a 9.5-gd conceptus (ca. 48 h after intragastric inoculation). Arrows point to foci of listerial infection in the neural tube (nt), the vitelline membrane (vys), and the endometrial decidual layer (e). Bar, 40 μm.