Computed tomography of acute pulmonary embolism

Abstract

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common condition in which diagnostic and therapeutic delays contribute to substantial morbidity and mortality. Advances in spiral computed tomography (CT) scanner technology over the past 10 years have been paralleled by progressive improvement in the ability to identify and accurately evaluate the pulmonary arteries for acute PE using CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA). Preliminary studies indicate multi-detector CT (MDCT) scanners offer improved accuracy for distal segmental and subsegmental PE. The ability to directly visualize emboli using CTPA has led to its widespread implementation. Published studies using optimal techniques have found sensitivity and specificity of approximately 90%. Clinical signs and symptoms are nonspecific. Only 20% to 30% of those patients evaluated for acute PE are found to harbor emboli. Previous imaging algorithms offered limited diagnostic value for the remaining 70% to 80% of patients who proved not to have PE. It has been shown that spiral CT identifies an alternate diagnosis in approximately 70% of these patients, which, along with its rapid and widespread availability, largely accounts for its popularity with referring clinicians. It is noted that meta-analysis studies of the existing data regarding spiral CT in acute PE have shown deficiencies in study designs, indicating that further research is required. However, at this time, spiral CT is being widely employed in the diagnostic work-up of patients with suspected acute PE. This review will discuss the use of spiral CT for acute PE, including scan acquisition parameters, radiation dose, diagnostic findings, interpretive pitfalls and the role of leg vein studies.