Signaling mechanisms for the activation of an embryonic gene program during the hypertrophy of cardiac ventricular muscle

Abstract

To study the signaling mechanisms which mediate ventricular hypertrophy, we utilized the induction of the ANF gene as a marker of the hypertrophic response. The induction of the atrial natriuretic factor gene (ANF) is one of the most conserved features of ventricular hypertrophy, occurring in multiple species (mouse, rat, hamster, canine, and human) in response to diverse stimuli (hormonal, mechanical, pressure/volume overload, genetic, IHSS, hypertension, etc.). The ANF gene is expressed in both the atrial and ventricular compartments during embryonic development, but shortly after birth ANF expression is down-regulated to negligible levels in the adult myocardium. Since the reactivation of ANF gene expression in the hypertrophied ventricle is a hallmark of the activation of an embryonic gene program, it has also become of interest to determine if similar mechanisms activate ANF expression during hypertrophy and the initial stages of cardiogenesis. A combination of cotransfection, microinjection, and transgenic approaches has been coupled to well characterized cultured cell systems and in vivo murine models employing normal and transgenic mice. The microinjection of oncogenic RAS proteins into living myocardial cells does not lead to the activation of cell proliferation, but activates ANF gene expression, as assessed by immunofluorescence. Co-transfection of mutant and wild-type RAS expression vectors with a ANF-luciferase fusion gene supports a direct effect of activated RAS on ANF gene transcription. Co-transfection of a dominant negative RAS vector effectively inhibits the induction of the ANF gene during alpha adrenergic mediated hypertrophy of ventricular muscle cells, thereby establishing that a RAS-mediated pathway is required for ANF induction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)