Prenatal stress potentiates stress-induced behavior and reduces the propensity to play in juvenile rats

Abstract

We examined the hypothesis that prenatal stress potentiates defensive responsiveness which may interfere with the expression of appetitive behavioral activities. Sibling pairs of prenatally stressed and control juvenile rats were placed in an unfamiliar environment. The latency and frequency of social play, a sought-after activity of juvenile rats, were measured on 4 successive days beginning at 25 days of age. However, on Day 27, electric foot shock was administered in order to assess directly whether exposure to threat facilitates the occurrence of defensive behavior in prenatally stressed rats. In addition, to determine whether previous exposure to threat produces long-term suppressive effects on play, rats were retested on Day 28 in the absence of shock. Throughout the testing period, the latency to play, as indicated by one rat pouncing on the opponent, was significantly higher in prenatally stressed than control rats. The frequency of play, however, did not differ reliably between groups. These data suggest that prenatally stressed rats take longer to adapt to the test situation before initiating play than control rats. In both groups, exposure to shock on Day 27 significantly increased the latency to play. More importantly, prenatally stressed rats exhibited significantly higher durations of defensive freezing than control animals. When retested on Day 28, however, the duration of freezing declined significantly and no longer differed between groups. Data appear to support the hypothesis that prenatally stressed juvenile rats are responsive to stress which may modulate the inclination to exhibit social behavior.