Autoimmune disease and the nervous system. Biochemical, molecular, and clinical update

Abstract

Autoimmunity in the central and peripheral nervous system can manifest as the result of cellular or humoral immune responses to autoantigens. There is evidence that multiple sclerosis is a cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous system in which both myelin and the cell that produces the myelin are destroyed. Diseases such as acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (also called Guillain-Barré syndrome) and myasthenia gravis are considered antibody-mediated diseases of the peripheral nervous system and neuromuscular junctions, respectively. We review these diseases and explore mechanisms of immune-mediated destruction of these nervous system components. We specifically focus on one effective therapy aimed at countering the immune attack, that of thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis.