Inhibition of enkephalin metabolism and activation of mu- or delta-opioid receptors elicit opposite effects on reward and motility in the ventral mesencephalon

Abstract

The coexistence of endogenous opioid systems and dopaminergic neurones in the midbrain tegmental area suggests functional interactions between dopamine and enkephalins. Nevertheless, the identification of the specific opioid receptors associated with modulation of tegmental dopamine activity and its behavioural concomitants on motility and reward is far from clear, considering the mixed nature of the ligands usually employed. In this way, kelatorphan, a potent inhibitor of enkephalinases and selective agonists for mu- and delta-opioid receptor subtypes (DAGO and DSTBULET, respectively) were infused directly into the ventral tegmental area of the rat to study the role of endogenous enkephalins and opioid receptors in regulating spontaneous motor activity and intracranial self-stimulation behaviour. A greater increase in the rate of intracranial self-stimulation behaviour was found after activation of mu-opioid receptors in the ventral tegmental area, as compared to activation of delta-opioid receptors, whereas enhancement of endogenous enkephalins by inhibiting their metabolism through kelatorphan, reduced the rate of intracranial self-stimulation behaviour. On the contrary, spontaneous motor activity was reduced by the delta-opioid receptor agonist, whereas kelatorphan increased the movements of the animal. Taken together, these results show that inhibition of the metabolism of enkephalins in the ventral tegmental area decreased positive reinforcement from the lateral hypothalamic medial forebrain bundle and increased spontaneous movements. On the contrary, activation of both mu- or delta-opioid receptors in the ventral tegmental area significantly increased self-stimulation and decreased spontaneous motor activity, supporting the view that different mechanisms underlie the behavioural effects, resulting from enhancement of endogenous enkephalins and from activation of specific opioid receptors in the ventral mesencephalon.