Photodynamic therapy

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been developed over the past decade into a useful treatment for several types of solid cancers in man. This unique therapy requires a photosensitiser accumulated in tumours and local activation by visible light generally delivered from lasers and delivered to the patient through various types of fibers and endoscopes. PDT appears to be most effective in treating certain superficial, difficult to treat cancers such as carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder (here complete control is the intent), but also is effectively used in bulkier tumours obstructing bronchi or the oesophagus where palliation can be achieved. The primary mechanism of action is the in situ generation of an active form of molecular oxygen (singlet oxygen) which causes the rapid, local onset of vascular stasis and eventual vascular haemorrhage and tumour wall destruction. This process appears to be mediated through various cytokines such as prostaglandin, lymphokines and thromboxanes. The ultimate clinical value of PDT will be seen over the next few years following health agency approval worldwide.