Safety and efficacy of fire ant venom in the diagnosis of fire ant allergy

Abstract

Thirty-three adult patients who had had systemic allergic reactions to fire ant stings and 33 insect-nonallergic control subjects were skin tested with single lots of Solenopsis invicta (Sol i) fire ant venom (IFAV) and two commercially available imported fire ant whole body extracts (IFA WBEs). All three extracts were analyzed for protein concentration. Sol i II and Sol i III concentrations were each assayed by means of two ELISAs with complementary monoclonal antibodies, one species specific and one cross-reactive. Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) to IFAV and both IFA WBEs was performed on sera from all study subjects. Both IFA WBEs contained high concentrations of fire ant body proteins. Sol i II and III concentrations each varied twofold between the two IFA WBE preparations. Patients were generally more reactive to IFAV than IFA WBE by skin testing and RAST. IFAV RAST appeared to be a more sensitive assay than IFA WBE RAST. No adverse reactions occurred to skin testing with IFAV, but intradermal testing with higher concentrations of IFA WBE caused delayed large local reactions in 16 of 30 (53%) control subjects. These reactions were attributed to the large amounts of extraneous body proteins in IFA WBE. These results (1) demonstrate that skin testing with IFAV is safe, (2) indicate that IFAV is more potent than IFA WBE, and (3) suggest that IFAV may be the superior reagent for diagnosis of fire ant allergy.