Increased upper airway collapsibility in children with obstructive sleep apnea during wakefulness

Abstract

Upper airway collapsibility (UAC) is increased in children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), but during wakefulness, active neural processes preserve upper airway patency, such that measurement of upper airway dynamics using acoustic pharyngometry may contribute to diagnostic accuracy in snoring children. Upper airway cross-sectional area obtained from acoustic pharyngometry measurements was assessed in 247 children referred for evaluation of suspected SDB and control subjects, before and after application of cetacaine 1% spray to the pharyngeal introitus under visual inspection. UAC was determined from the precentage change in cross-sectional area after topical anesthesia. UAC measurements were reproducible 1 week apart in both control subjects and patients with SDB (p < 0.005). A UAC less than or equal to -30% exhibited high sensitivity and specificity in identification of all children with obstructive apnea-hypopnea index greater than 5/hour total sleep time in a prospective initial sample of 54 children and in a subsequent post hoc sample of 94 snoring children. Thus, upper airway dynamic testing during wakefulness in response to a topical airway anesthetic may provide a useful clinical adjunct to the evaluation of snoring children, with more accurate identification of those children with SDB.