Determination of decimal reduction time (D value) of chemical agents used in hospitals for disinfection purposes

Abstract

Background: Prior to the selection of disinfectants for low, intermediate and high (sterilizing) levels, the decimal reduction time, D-value, for the most common and persistent bacteria identified at a health care facility should be determined.

Methods: The D-value was determined by inoculating 100 mL of disinfecting solution with 1 mL of a bacterial suspension (10(4)-10(5) CFU/mL for vegetative and spore forms). At regular intervals, 1 mL aliquots of this mixture were transferred to 8 mL of growth media containing a neutralizing agent, and incubated at optimal conditions for the microorganism.

Results: The highest D-values for various bacteria were determined for the following solutions: (i) 0.1% sodium dichloroisocyanurate (pH 7.0)--E. coli and A. calcoaceticus (D = 5.9 min); (ii) sodium hypochlorite (pH 7.0) at 0.025% for B. stearothermophilus (D = 24 min), E. coli and E. cloacae (D = 7.5 min); at 0.05% for B. stearothermophilus (D = 9.4 min) and E. coli (D = 6.1 min) and 0.1% for B. stearothermophilus (D = 3.5 min) and B. subtilis (D = 3.2 min); (iii) 2.0% glutaraldehyde (pH 7.4)--B. stearothermophilus, B. subtilis (D = 25 min) and E. coli (D = 7.1 min); (iv) 0.5% formaldehyde (pH 6.5)--B. subtilis (D = 11.8 min), B. stearothermophilus (D = 10.9 min) and A. calcoaceticus (D = 5.2 min); (v) 2.0% chlorhexidine (pH 6.2)--B. stearothermophilus (D = 9.1 min), and at 0.4% for E. cloacae (D = 8.3 min); (vi) 1.0% Minncare (peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, pH 2.3)--B. stearothermophilus (D = 9.1 min) and E. coli (D = 6.7 min).

Conclusions: The suspension studies were an indication of the disinfectant efficacy on a surface. The data in this study reflect the formulations used and may vary from product to product. The expected effectiveness from the studied formulations showed that the tested agents can be recommended for surface disinfection as stated in present guidelines and emphasizes the importance and need to develop routine and novel programs to evaluate product utility.

Figure 1

A. Survivor curves for the bacteria exposed to hydrogen peroxide solutions, at 1.5% concentration, the respective decimal reduction times (D-values) were: for Enterococcus cloacae D = 1.8 min (■); Escherichia coli D = 3.2 min (△) and Staphylococcus aureus D = 3.4 min (□). At 26.5% hydrogen peroxide concentration, Bacillus stearothermophilus, D = 4.7 min (▲). B. Survivor curves for the bacteria exposed to 2% glutaraldehyde solutions, the respective decimal reduction times (D-values) were: for Acinetobacter calcoaceticus D = 4.7 min (■); Enterococcus cloacae D = 6.7 min (*); Escherichia coli D = 7.1 min (●); Staphylococcus aureus D = 5.9 min (□); Serratia marcescens D = 5.0 min (+);Bacillus stearothermophilus D = 25 min (▲); Bacillus subtilis D = 25 min (○).