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Meta-Analysis
. 2003;2003(4):CD002782.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002782.

Topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels or varnishes) for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents

V C C Marinho  1 , J P T Higgins, S Logan, A Sheiham
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels or varnishes) for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents

V C C Marinho et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003.

Abstract

Background: Topical fluoride therapy (TFT) in the form of varnish, gel, mouthrinse or toothpaste has been used extensively as a caries-preventive intervention for over three decades.

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness and safety of fluoride varnishes, gels, mouthrinses, and toothpastes in the prevention of dental caries in children and to examine factors potentially modifying their effect.

Search strategy: We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (May 2000), CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2000), MEDLINE (1966 to January 2000), plus several other databases. We handsearched journals, reference lists of articles and contacted selected authors and manufacturers.

Selection criteria: Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials with blind outcome assessment, comparing fluoride varnish, gel, mouthrinse, or toothpaste with placebo or no treatment in children up to 16 years during at least 1 year. The main outcome was caries increment measured by the change in decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces (D(M)FS).

Data collection and analysis: Inclusion decisions, quality assessment and data extraction were duplicated in a random sample of one third of studies, and consensus achieved by discussion or a third party. Authors were contacted for missing data. The primary measure of effect was the prevented fraction (PF) that is the difference in mean caries increments between the treatment and control groups expressed as a percentage of the mean increment in the control group. Random effects meta-analyses were performed where data could be pooled. Potential sources of heterogeneity were examined in random effects metaregression analyses.

Main results: There were 144 studies included. For the 133 that contributed data for meta-analysis (involving 65,169 children) the D(M)FS pooled prevented fraction estimate was 26% (95% CI, 24% to 29%; p < 0.0001). There was substantial heterogeneity, confirmed statistically (p < 0.0001), but the direction of effect was consistent. The effect of topical fluoride varied according to type of control group used, type of TFT used, mode/setting of TFT use, initial caries levels and intensity of TFT application, but was not influenced by exposure to water fluoridation or other fluoride sources. D(M)FS PF was on average 14% (95% CI, 5% to 23%; p = 0.002) higher in non-placebo controlled trials, 14% (95% CI, 2% to 26%; p = 0.25) higher in fluoride varnish trials compared with all others, and 10% (95% CI, -17% to -3%; p = 0.003) lower in trials of unsupervised home use compared with self applied supervised and operator-applied. There was a 0.7% increase in the PF per unit increase in baseline caries (95% CI, 0.2% to 1.2%; p = 0.004).

Reviewer's conclusions: The benefits of topical fluorides have been firmly established on a sizeable body of evidence from randomized controlled trials. While the formal examination of sources of heterogeneity between studies has been important in the overall conclusions reached, these should be interpreted with caution. We were unable to reach definite conclusions about any adverse effects that might result from the use of topical fluorides, because data reported in the trials are scarce.

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Conflict of interest statement

None known.

Figures

1
1
Funnel Plot of D(M)FS PFs according to standard errors of the studies included in the meta‐analysis
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Topical fluoride versus placebo/no‐treatment, Outcome 1 D(M)FS increment (PF) ‐ nearest to 3 years (133 trials).
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Topical fluoride versus placebo/no‐treatment, Outcome 2 D(M)FT increment (PF) ‐ nearest to 3 years (79 trials).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Topical fluoride versus placebo/no‐treatment, Outcome 3 d(e)fs increment (PF) ‐ nearest to 3 years (5 trials).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Topical fluoride versus placebo/no‐treatment, Outcome 4 Developing one or more new caries (12 trials).
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Topical fluoride versus placebo/no‐treatment, Outcome 5 Unacceptability of treatment as measured by leaving study early (10 trials).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

References

References to studies included in this review

Abadia 1978 {published data only}
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Cons 1970 {published data only}
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DePaola 1980 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Di Maggio 1980 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Hodge 1980 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Hodge HC, Holloway PJ, Davies TG, Worthington HV. Caries prevention by dentifrices containing a combination of sodium monofluorophosphate and sodium fluoride. Report of a 3‐year clinical trial. British Dental Journal 1980;149:201‐4. - PubMed
Holm 1979 {published data only}
    1. Holm AK. Effect of a fluoride‐containing varnish (Duraphat) in preschool children [Abstract No 804]. Journal of Dental Research 1978;57:275.
    1. Holm AK. Effect of fluoride varnish (Duraphat) in preschool children. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1979;7:241‐5. - PubMed
Holm 1984 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Holm GB, Holst K, Mejare I. The caries‐preventive effect of a fluoride varnish in the fissures of the first permanent molar. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1984;42:193‐7. - PubMed
Homan 1969 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Homan BT, Messer HH. The comparative effect of three fluoride dentifrices on clinical dental caries in Brisbane schoolchildren. Preliminary report [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1969;48:1094.
Horowitz 1966 {published data only}
    1. Horowitz HS, Chamberlin SR. Evaluation of a stannous fluoride dentifrice for use in dental public health programs. II. Operational procedures. Journal of the American Dental Association 1966;73:1090‐4. - PubMed
    1. Horowitz HS, Law FE, Thompson MB, Chamberlain SR, Shirley R. Evaluation of a stannous fluoride dentifrice for use in dental public health programs. I. Basic findings. Journal of the American Dental Association 1966;72:408‐21.
    1. Horowitz HS, Thompson MB, Mary B. Evaluation of a stannous fluoride dentifrice for use in dental public health programs. III. Supplementary findings. Journal of the American Dental Association 1967;74:979‐86. - PubMed
Horowitz 1971 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Horowitz HS. Effect of topically applied acidulated phosphate‐fluoride on dental caries in Hawaiian school children [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1967;105(IADR Abstr. No 275):105.
    1. Horowitz HS. Effect of topically applied acidulated phosphate‐fluoride on dental caries in Hawaiian school children [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1968;101(IADR Abstr. No 256):101.
    1. Horowitz HS. Effect on dental caries of topically applied acidulated phosphate‐fluoride: results after two years. Journal of the American Dental Association 1969;78:568‐72. - PubMed
    1. Horowitz HS. The effect on dental caries of topically applied acidulated phosphate‐fluoride: results after one year. Journal of Oral Therapeutics and Pharmacology 1968;4:286‐91. - PubMed
    1. Horowitz HS, Doyle J. The effect on dental caries of topically applied acidulated phosphate‐fluoride: results after three years. Journal of the American Dental Association 1971;82:359‐65. - PubMed
Horowitz 1971a {published data only}
    1. Frandsen AM, McClendon BJ, Chang JJ, Creighton WE. The effect of oral rinsing with sodium fluoride on the gingiva of children. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1972;80:445‐8. - PubMed
    1. Horowitz HS, Creighton WE, McClendon BJ. The effect on human dental caries of weekly oral rinsing with a sodium fluoride mouthwash: a final report. Archives of Oral Biology 1971;16:609‐16. - PubMed
Horowitz 1971b {published data only}
    1. Frandsen AM, McClendon BJ, Chang JJ, Creighton WE. The effect of oral rinsing with sodium fluoride on the gingiva of children. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1972;80:445‐8. - PubMed
    1. Horowitz HS, Creighton WE, McClendon BJ. The effect on human dental caries of weekly oral rinsing with a sodium fluoride mouthwash: a final report. Archives of Oral Biology 1971;16:609‐16. - PubMed
Horowitz 1974 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Horowitz HS, Heifetz SB, McClendon BJ, Viegas AR, Guimaraes LO, Lopes ES. Evaluation of self‐administered prophylaxis and supervised toothbrushing with acidulated phosphate fluoride. Caries Research 1974;8:39‐51. - PubMed
Howat 1978 {published data only}
    1. Howat AP, Hollaway PJ, Davies TG. Caries prevention by daily supervised use of a MFP gel dentifrice. Report of a 3‐year clinical trial. British Dental Journal 1978;145:233‐5. - PubMed
Ingraham 1970 {published data only}
    1. Ingraham RQ, Williams JE. An evaluation of the utility of application and cariostatic effectiveness of phosphate‐fluorides in solution and gel states. Journal of Tennessee State Dental Association 1970;50:5‐12. - PubMed
Jackson 1967 {published data only}
    1. Jackson D. Allocation to control and experimental groups in short‐term clinical trials designed to test a caries preventive. In: Hardwick JL, Dustin JP, Held HR editor(s). Advances in fluorine research and dental caries prevention. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1964:17‐9.
    1. Jackson D, Sutcliffe P. Clinical testing of a stannous fluoride‐calcium pyrophosphate children in Yorkshire school children. British Dental Journal 1967;123:40‐8.
James 1967 {published data only}
    1. James PM, Anderson RJ. Clinical testing of stannous fluoride‐calcium pyrophosphate dentifrices in Buckinghamshire school children. British Dental Journal 1967;123:33‐9.
    1. James PMC. Organization of a clinical trial. In: James PMC, Konig KG, Held HR editor(s). Advances in fluorine research and dental caries prevention. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966:33‐9. - PubMed
James 1977 {published data only}
    1. James PM, Anderson RJ, Beal JF, Bradnock G. A 3‐year clinical trial of the effect on dental caries of a dentifrice containing 2% sodium monoflurophosphate. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1977;5:67‐72. - PubMed
Kinkel 1972 {published data only}
    1. Kinkel HJ, Raich R. Caries prevention by means of a Na 2 FPO 3 toothpaste after 3 years of application [Die Karieshemmung einer Na 2 FPO 3 ‐Zahnpasta nach 3 Jahren Applikation]. SSO Schweizerische Monatsschrift Fuer Zahnheilkund 1972;82:1240‐4. - PubMed
    1. Kinkel HJ, Raich R. Caries‐inhibiting properties of Na2FPO3 toothpaste after 5‐year evaluation studies [Die Karieshe‐mung einer Na2FPO3‐Zahnpasta nach 5 Jahren Applikation]. SSO Schweizerische Monatsschrift Fuer Zahnheilkund 1974;84:1245‐7. - PubMed
    1. Kinkel HJ, Raich R. Effectiveness of a Na2FP03 toothpaste on caries in children [Zur Wirkung einer Na2FPO3‐Zahnpasta auf die Karies bei Kindern]. SSO Schweizerische Monatsschrift Fuer Zahnheilkund 1972;82:169‐75. - PubMed
    1. Kinkel HJ, Raich R. The caries‐inhibiting property of a Na2FPO3 toothpaste after 4‐year use [Die Karieshemmung einer Na2FPO3‐Zahnpasta nach 4 Jahren Applikation]. SSO Schweizerische Monatsschrift Fuer Zahnheilkund 1974;84:226‐9. - PubMed
    1. Kinkel HJ, Raich R, Muller M. Caries prevention by means of a Na2FPO3‐toothpaste after 7 year's application [Die Karieshemmung durch eine Na2FPO3‐Zahnpasta nach 7 Jahren Applikation]. Deutsche Zahnarztliche Zeitschrift 1977;32:859‐60. - PubMed
Kleber 1996 {published data only}
    1. Kleber CJ, Putt MS, Smith CE, Gish CW. Effect of supervised use of an alum mouthrinse on dental caries incidence in caries‐susceptible children: a pilot study. ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1996;63:393‐402. - PubMed
Koch 1967 {published data only}
    1. Bawden JW, Granath L, Holst K, Koch G, Krasse P, Rootzen H. Effect of mouthrinsing with a sodium fluoride solution in children with different caries experience. Swedish Dental Journal 1980;4:111‐7. - PubMed
    1. Hollender L, Koch G. Influence of topical application of fluoride on rate of progress of carious lesions in children. A long‐term roentgenographic follow‐up. Odontologisk Revy 1969;20:37‐41. - PubMed
    1. Koch G. Caries increment in schoolchildren during and two years after end of supervised rinsing of the mouth with sodium fluoride solution. Odontologisk Revy 1969;20:323‐30. - PubMed
    1. Koch G. Effect of sodium fluoride in dentifrice and mouthwash on incidence of dental caries in school children. 11. Effect of supervised fortnightly rinsing of the mouth with 0.5 per cent sodium fluoride solution. A 3‐year double‐blind clinical test. Odontologisk Revy 1967;18:77‐88.
    1. Koch G. Effect of sodium fluoride in dentifrice and mouthwash on incidence of dental caries in school‐children. Odontologisk Revy 1967;18(Suppl. 12):1‐125.
Koch 1967a {published data only}
    1. Koch G. Effect of sodium fluoride in dentifrice and mouthwash on incidence of dental caries in school children. 12. Effect of surpervised rinsing of the mouth with 0.5 per cent sodium fluoride solution at the regular visits to the school dentist. A 3‐year double‐blind clinical test. Odontologisk Revy 1967;18:89‐96.
Koch 1967b {published data only}
    1. Koch G. Effect of sodium fluoride in dentifrice and mouthwash on incidence of dental caries in school children. 13. Effect of supervised rinsing of the mouth with 0.05 per cent sodium fluoride solution at the regular visits to the school dentist. A 2‐year double‐blind test. Odontologisk Revy 1967;18:97‐100.
Koch 1967c {published data only}
    1. Hollender L, Koch G. Influence of topical application of fluoride on rate of progress of carious lesions in children. A long‐term roentgenographic follow‐up. Odontologisk Revy 1969;20:37‐41. - PubMed
    1. Koch G. Effect of sodium fluoride in dentifrice and mouthwash on dental caries in school children. 8. Effect of daily supervised toothbrushing with a sodium fluoride dentifrice. A 3‐year double‐blind clinical test. Odontologisk Revy 1967;18:48‐66.
    1. Koch G. Effect of sodium fluoride in dentifrice and mouthwash on incidence of dental caries in school‐children. Odontologisk Revy 1967;18(Suppl. 12):1‐125.
    1. Koch G. Long‐term study of effect of supervised toothbrushing with a sodium fluoride dentifrice. Caries Research 1970;4:149‐57. - PubMed
    1. Koch G, Lindhe J. The effect of supervised oral hygiene on the gingiva of children. The effect of sodium fluoride. Journal of Periodontal Research 1967;2:64‐9. - PubMed
Koch 1967d {published data only}
    1. Hollender L, Koch G. Influence of topical application of fluoride on rate of progress of carious lesions in children. A long‐term roentgenographic follow‐up. Odontologisk Revy 1969;20:37‐41. - PubMed
    1. Koch G. Effect of sodium fluoride in dentifrice and mouthwash on dental caries in school children. 8. Effect of daily supervised toothbrushing with a sodium fluoride dentifrice. A 3‐year double‐blind clinical test. Odontologisk Revy 1967;18:48‐66.
    1. Koch G. Effect of sodium fluoride in dentifrice and mouthwash on incidence of dental caries in school‐children. Odontologisk Revy 1967;18(Suppl. 12):1‐125.
    1. Koch G. Long‐term study of effect of supervised toothbrushing with a sodium fluoride dentifrice. Caries Research 1970;4:149‐57. - PubMed
    1. Koch G, Lindhe J. The effect of supervised oral hygiene on the gingiva of children. The effect of sodium fluoride. Journal of Periodontal Research 1967;2:64‐9. - PubMed
Koch 1967e {published data only}
    1. Koch G. Effect of sodium fluoride in dentifrice and mouthwash on incidence of dental caries in school children. 9. Effect of unsupervised toothbrushing at home with sodium fluoride dentifrice. A 2‐year double‐blind clinical test. Odontologisk Revy 1967;18:67‐71.
Koch 1967f {published data only}
    1. Koch G. Effect of sodium fluoride in dentifrice and mouthwash on incidence of dental caries in school children. 10. Effect of supervised toothbrushing with a sodium fluoride dentifrice at the regular visits to the school dentist. A 3‐year double‐blind clinical test. Odontologisk Revy 1967;18:72‐6.
Koch 1975 {published data only}
    1. Koch G, Petersson LG. Caries preventive effect of a fluoride‐containing varnish (Duraphat) after 1 year's study. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1975;3:262‐6. - PubMed
Laswell 1975 {published data only}
    1. Laswell HR, Pacher MW, Wiggs JS. Cariostatic effects of fluoride mouthrinses in a fluoridated community. Journal of the Tennessee Dental Association 1975;55:198‐200. - PubMed
    1. Laswell HR, Packer MW, Wiggs JS. Cariostatic effects of fluoride mouthrinses in a fluoridated community. Journal of the Kentucky Dental Association 1975;27:21‐5. - PubMed
Lind 1974 {published data only}
    1. Lind OP, Larsen MJ, Moller IJ, Fehr FR. A 2% sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste's caries preventive effect in a Danish fluoride area [En 2% natrium monofluorfosfattandpasta's cariesforebyggende effekt i et dansk fluoromrade]. Tandlaegebladet 1975;79:793‐9. - PubMed
    1. Lind OP, Moller IJ, Fehr FR, Larsen MJ. Caries‐preventive effect of a dentifrice containing 2 percent sodium monofluorophosphate in a natural fluoride area. Results after 3 years. Helvetica Odontologica Acta 1974;18:53. - PubMed
    1. Lind OP, Moller IJ, Fehr FR, Larsen MJ. Caries‐preventive effect of dentifrice containing 2 percent sodium monofluorophosphate in a natural fluoride area in Denmark. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1974;2:104‐13. - PubMed
    1. Lind OP, Fehr FR, Larsen MJ, Moller IJ. Anti‐caries effect of a 2% Na2PO3F‐dentifrice in a Danish fluoride area. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1976;4:7‐14. - PubMed
Mainwaring 1978 {published data only}
    1. Mainwaring PJ, Naylor MN. A three‐year clinical study to determine the separate and combined caries‐inhibiting effects of sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste and an acidulated phosphate‐fluoride gel. Caries Research 1978;12:202‐12. - PubMed
Mainwaring 1978a {published data only}
    1. Mainwaring PJ, Naylor MN. A three‐year clinical study to determine the separate and combined caries‐inhibiting effects of sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste and an acidulated phosphate‐fluoride gel. Caries Research 1978;12:202‐12. - PubMed
Mainwaring 1983 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Mainwaring PJ, Naylor MN. A four‐year clinical study to determine the caries‐inhibiting effect of calcium glycerophosphate and sodium fluoride in calcium carbonate base dentifrices containing sodium monofluorophosphate. Caries Research 1983;17:267‐76. - PubMed
    1. Mainwaring PJ, Naylor MN. Anti‐caries effects of NaMFP/CaCO3 toothpastes containing calcium glycerohosphate (CaGP) or sodium fluoride (NaF) ‐ A 4 year clinical study [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1981;60:1091.
Marthaler 1965 {published data only}
    1. Konig KG, Muhlemann HR. Caries inhibiting effect of aminfluoride containing dentifrices tested in an animal experiment and in a clinical study. In: Muhlemann HR, Konig KG editor(s). The present status of caries prevention by fluorine‐containing dentifrices. Caries Symposium Zurich. Berne and Stuttgart: Hans Huber, 1961:30.
    1. Marthaler T. The caries inhibiting effect of amine fluoride dentifrices in children during three years of unsupervised use. British Dental Journal 1965;119:153‐63. - PubMed
    1. Marthaler TM. Caries inhibition after five years of unsupervised use of a dentifrice containing amine fluoride. SSO Schweizerische Monatsschrift Fuer Zahnheilkund 1965;75:509‐15. - PubMed
    1. Marthaler TM. Caries inhibiton with amino fluoride toothpastes following a 7‐year‐long study [Karieshemmung durch Aminfluoridzahnpasten nach 7 jahriger Studiendauer]. SSO Schweizerische Monatsschrift Fuer Zahnheilkund 1968;78:134‐47. - PubMed
    1. Marthaler TM. Caries‐inhibition after seven years of unsupervised use of an amine fluoride dentifrice. British Dental Journal 1968;124:510‐5. - PubMed
Marthaler 1965a {published data only}
    1. Konig KG, Muhlemann HR. Caries inhibiting effect of aminfluoride containing dentifrices tested in an animal experiment and in a clinical study. In: Muhlemann HR, Konig KG editor(s). The present status of caries prevention by fluorine‐containing dentifrices. Caries Symposium Zurich. Berne and Stuttgart: Hans Huber, 1961:30.
    1. Marthaler T. The caries inhibiting effect of amine fluoride dentifrices in children during three years of unsupervised use. British Dental Journal 1965;119:153‐63. - PubMed
    1. Marthaler TM. Caries inhibition after five years of unsupervised use of a dentifrice containing amine fluoride. SSO Schweizerische Monatsschrift Fuer Zahnheilkund 1965;75:509‐15. - PubMed
    1. Marthaler TM. Caries inhibiton with amino fluoride toothpastes following a 7‐year‐long study [Karieshemmung durch Aminfluoridzahnpasten nach 7 jahriger Studiendauer]. SSO Schweizerische Monatsschrift Fuer Zahnheilkund 1968;78:134‐47. - PubMed
    1. Marthaler TM. Caries‐inhibition after seven years of unsupervised use of an amine fluoride dentifrice. British Dental Journal 1968;124:510‐5. - PubMed
Marthaler 1970 {published data only}
    1. Marthaler TM, Konig KG, Muhlemann HR. The effect of a fluoride gel used for supervised toothbrushing 15 or 30 times per year. Helvetica Odontologica Acta 1970;14:67‐77. - PubMed
Marthaler 1970a {published data only}
    1. Marthaler TM, Konig KG, Muhlemann HR. The effect of a fluoride gel used for supervised toothbrushing 15 or 30 times per year. Helvetica Odontologica Acta 1970;14:67‐77. - PubMed
Marthaler 1970b {published data only}
    1. Marthaler TM, Konig KG, Muhlemann HR. The effect of a fluoride gel used for supervised toothbrushing 15 or 30 times per year. Helvetica Odontologica Acta 1970;14:67‐77. - PubMed
Marthaler 1970c {published data only}
    1. Marthaler TM, Konig KG, Muhlemann HR. The effect of a fluoride gel used for supervised toothbrushing 15 or 30 times per year. Helvetica Odontologica Acta 1970;14:67‐77. - PubMed
Marthaler 1974 {published data only}
    1. Marthaler TM. Caries‐inhibition by an amine fluoride dentifrice. Results after 6 years in children with low caries activity. Helvetica Odontologica Acta 1974;18(Suppl. VIII):35‐44. - PubMed
McConchie 1977 {published data only}
    1. McConchie JM, Richardson AS, Hole LW, McCombie F, Kolthammer J. Caries‐preventive effect of two concentrations of stannous fluoride mouthrinse. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1977;5:278‐83. - PubMed
Mergele 1968 {published data only}
    1. Mergele M. Report II. An unsupervised brushing study on subjects residing in a community with fluoride in the water. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 1968;14:251‐5.
Mestrinho 1983 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Mestrinho HD, Bijella MFTB, Bijella VT, Lopes ES. Prevention of dental caries through topical application of APF gel with plastic trays [Prevenção da cárie dental pela aplicação tópica de gel de flúor fosfato acidulado, através de moldeiras plásticas]. Odontologo Moderno 1983;10:29‐32.
Modeer 1984 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Modeer T, Twetman S, Bergstrand F. Three‐year study of the effect of fluoride varnish (Duraphat) on proximal caries progression in teenagers. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1984;92:400‐7. - PubMed
Molina 1987 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Molina MX, Rodriguez FG, Urbina T, Vargas S. Effect of weekly mouthrinses with 0.2% neutral NaF solution on caries incidence in first permanent molars [Efecto de enjuagatorios semanales con una solucion neutra de NaF al 0.2% en la incidencia de caries en primeros molares definitivos]. Odontologia Chilena 1989;37:176‐82. - PubMed
    1. Molina MX, Rodriguez GP, Sepulveda MM, Urbina TR, Vargas SJ. Increase of caries in a school children group that participated in a weekly mouth wash program with sodium fluoride 0.2 [Efecto en la incidencia de caries dentarias, de enjuagatorios semanales con solucion neutra de fluoruro de sodio al 0,2 en escolares de enseganza basica fiscal]. Revista de la Facultad de Odontologia de la Universidad de Chile 1987;5:18‐27.
Moreira 1972 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Moreira BH, Tumang AJ. Mouthwashes with 1 per cent sodium fluoride solutions in the prevention of dental caries [Bochechos com solucoes de fluoreto de sodio a 0,1% na prevencao da carie dental]. Revista Brasileira de Odontologia 1971;28:11‐9. - PubMed
    1. Moreira BH, Tumang AJ. Prevention of dental caries by means of mouthwashes with 0.1 solutions of sodium fluoride. Results of a 2 year study [Prevencao da carie dentaria atraves de bochechos com solucoes de fluoreto de sodio a 0.1%. Resultados apos dois anos de estudos]. Revista Brasileira de Odontologia 1972;29:37‐42. - PubMed
Moreira 1981 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Moreira BH, Guimaraes LO, Vieira S, Piedade EF. Fluoride mouthwashes in combination with fluoridation of the public water supply for the prevention of dental caries [Bochecho com fluor associado a fluoretacao da agua de abastecimento publico, na prevencao da carie dentaria]. Revista da Associacao Paulista de Cirurgioes Dentistas 1981;35:296‐301. - PubMed
Muhler 1955 {published data only}
    1. Muhler JC, Radike AW, Nebergall WH, Day HG. A comparison between the anticariogenic effects of dentifrices containing stannous fluoride and sodium fluoride. Journal of the American Dental Association 1955;51:556‐9. - PubMed
Muhler 1970 {published data only}
    1. Muhler JC. A clinical comparison of a fluoride and antienzyme dentifrices [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1967;105(IADR Abstr. No 273):105.
    1. Muhler JC. A clinical comparison of fluoride and antienzyme dentifrices. ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1970;37:501. - PubMed
Murray 1980 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Murray JJ, Shaw L. A 3‐year clinical trial into the effect of fluoride content and toothpaste abrasivity on the caries inhibitory properties of a dentifrice. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1980;8:46‐51. - PubMed
Naylor 1967 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ashley FP, Naylor MN, Emslie RD. Stannous fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrices. Clinical testing in London school children‐radiological findings. British Dental Journal 1969;127:125‐8. - PubMed
    1. Naylor MN, Emslie RD. Clinical testing of stannous fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrices in London school children. British Dental Journal 1967;123:17‐23. - PubMed
Naylor 1979 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Naylor MN, Glass RL. A 3‐year clinical trial of calcium carbonate dentifrice containing calcium glycerophosphate and sodium monofluorophosphate. Caries Research 1979;13:39‐46. - PubMed
Olivier 1992 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Olivier M, Brodeur JM, Simard PL. Efficacy of APF treatments without prior toothcleaning targeted to high‐risk children. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1992;20:38‐42. - PubMed
Packer 1975 {published data only}
    1. Packer MW, Laswell HR, Doyle J, Naff HH, Brown F. Cariostatic effects of fluoride mouthrinses in a non‐fluoridated community. Journal of the Tennessee Dental Association 1975;55:22‐6. - PubMed
Peterson 1967 {published data only}
    1. Peterson JK, Williamson L. Comparative effectiveness of a sodium fluoride‐acid orthophosphate‐insoluble metaphosphate dentifrice on caries reduction in children [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1966;IADR Abstr. No 249:100.
    1. Peterson JK, Williamson L. Field test of a sodium fluoride dentifrice containing acid orthophosphate and an insoluble metaphosphate abrasive‐second year report. Journal of Oral Therapeutics and Pharmacology 1967;4:1‐4. - PubMed
    1. Peterson JK, Williamson L. Three‐years caries inhibition of a sodium fluoride acid orthophosphate dentifrice compared with a stannous fluoride dentifrice and a non‐fluoride dentifrice [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1968;IADR Abstr. No 255:101.
Peterson 1979 {published data only}
    1. Peterson JK. A supervised brushing trial of sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrices in a fluoridated area. Caries Research 1979;13:68‐72. - PubMed
    1. Peterson JK, Williamson L, Casad R. Caries inhibition with MFP‐calcium carbonate dentifrice in fluoridated area [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1975;54:L85.
Petersson 1998a {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Petersson LG, Svanholm I, Andersson H, Magnusson K. Approximal caries development following intensive fluoride mouthrinsing in teenagers. A 3‐year radiographic study. European Journal of Oral Sciences 1998;106:1048‐51. - PubMed
Poulsen 1984 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kirkegaard E, Poulsen S, Bangsbo G, Bro K. A clinical‐trial of fluoride rinses in a danish public child dental service [abstract]. Caries Research 1984;18:183‐4. - PubMed
    1. Poulsen S, Kirkegaard E, Bangsbo G, Bro K. Caries clinical trial of fluoride rinses in a Danish Public Child Dental Service. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1984;12:283‐7. - PubMed
Powell 1981 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Powell KR, Barnard PD, Craig GG. Effect of stannous fluoride treatments on the progression of initial lesions in approximal surfaces of permanent posterior teeth. Journal of Dental Research 1981;60:1648‐54. - PubMed
Radike 1973 {published data only}
    1. Radike AW, Gish CW, Peterson JK, King JD, Segreto VA. Clinical evaluation of stannous fluoride as an anticaries mouthrinse. Journal of the American Dental Association 1973;86:404‐8. - PubMed
Ran 1991 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ran F, Gedalia I, Fried M, Hadani P, Tved A. Effectiveness of fortnightly tooth brushing with amine fluorides in caries‐prone subjects. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 1991;18:311‐6. - PubMed
Ran 1991a {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ran F, Gedalia I, Fried M, Hadani P, Tved A. Effectiveness of fortnightly tooth brushing with amine fluorides in caries‐prone subjects. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 1991;18:311‐6. - PubMed
Reed 1973 {published data only}
    1. Reed MW. Clinical evaluation of three concentrations of sodium fluoride in dentifrices. Journal of the American Dental Association 1973;87:1401‐3. - PubMed
Reed 1975 {published data only}
    1. Reed MW, King JD. A clinical evaluation of a sodium fluoride dentifrice. Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Dentistry 1975;2:77‐82. - PubMed
    1. Reed MW, King JD. A clinical evaluation of a sodium fluoride dentifrice [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1970;IADR Abstr. No 340:133.
Ringelberg 1979 {published data only}
    1. Ringelberg ML, Webster DB. Effects of an amine fluoride mouthrinse and dentifrice on the gingival health and the extent of plaque of school children. Journal of Periodontology 1977;48:350‐3. - PubMed
    1. Ringelberg ML, Webster DB, Dixon DO. Effects of an amine fluoride dentifrice and mouthrinse on the dental caries of school children after 18 months. Journal of Preventive Dentistry 1978;5:26‐30. - PubMed
    1. Ringelberg ML, Webster DB, Dixon DO, Fairchild S, Driscoll WS. Results of gingival, plaque, and stain assessments after 30 months use of amine fluorides and their inorganic counterparts. Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Dentistry 1979;4:27‐31. - PubMed
    1. Ringelberg ML, Webster DB, Dixon DO, LeZotte DC. The caries‐preventive effect of amine fluorides and inorganic fluorides in a mouthrinse or dentifrice after 30 months of use. Journal of the American Dental Association 1979;98:202‐8. - PubMed
Ringelberg 1979a {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ringelberg ML, Webster DB. Effects of an amine fluoride mouthrinse and dentifrice on the gingival health and the extent of plaque of school children. Journal of Periodontology 1977;48:350‐3. - PubMed
    1. Ringelberg ML, Webster DB, Dixon DO. Effects of an amine fluoride dentifrice and mouthrinse on the dental caries of school children after 18 months. Journal of Preventive Dentistry 1978;5:26‐30. - PubMed
    1. Ringelberg ML, Webster DB, Dixon DO, Fairchild S, Driscoll WS. Results of gingival, plaque, and stain assessments after 30 months use of amine fluorides and their inorganic counterparts. Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Dentistry 1979;4:27‐31. - PubMed
    1. Ringelberg ML, Webster DB, Dixon DO, LeZotte DC. The caries‐preventive effect of amine fluorides and inorganic fluorides in a mouthrinse or dentifrice after 30 months of use. Journal of the American Dental Association 1979;98:202‐8. - PubMed
Ringelberg 1982 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ringelberg ML, Conti AJ, Ward CB, Clark B, Lotzkar S. Effectiveness of different concentrations and frequencies of sodium fluoride mouthrinse. Pediatric Dentistry 1982;4:305‐8.
Rugg‐Gunn 1973 {published data only}
    1. Rugg‐Gunn AJ, Holloway PJ, Davies TG. Caries prevention by daily fluoride mouthrinsing. Report of a three‐year clinical trial. British Dental Journal 1973;135:353‐60. - PubMed
Ruiken 1987 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ruiken HM, Truin GJ, Konig DG, Vogels AL, van't Hof MA. Cariostatic effect of fluoride mouth rinsing in children with low socioeconomic status [Cariesreducerend effect van fluoridespoelingen bij kinderen met een lage sociaal‐economische status]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Tandheelkunde 1987;94:429‐32. - PubMed
    1. Ruiken R, Truin GJ, Konig K, Vogels A, van't Hof M. Clinical cariostatic effectiveness of a NaF rinse in a low prevalence child population. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1987;15:57‐9. - PubMed
Rule 1984 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Rule J, Smith M, Truelove R, Macko D, Castaldi C. Anticaries properties of a 0.78% sodium monofluorophosphate‐silica base dentifrice [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1982;61:281.
    1. Rule JT, Smith MR, Truelove RB, Macko DJ, Castaldi CR. Caries inhibition of a dentifrice containing 0.78% sodium monofluorophosphate in a silica base. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1984;12:213‐7. - PubMed
Segal 1967 {published data only}
    1. Segal AH, Stiff RH, George WA. Caries inhibiting effectiveness of a stannous fluoride‐insoluble sodium metaphosphate (IMP) dentifrice in children. Two year results. Journal of Dental Research 1966;IADR Abstr. No 250:101.
    1. Segal AH, Stiff RH, George WA, Picozzi A. Cariostatic effect of a stannous fluoride‐containing dentifrice on children: two‐year report of a supervised toothbrushing study. Journal of Oral Therapeutics and Pharmacology 1967;4:175‐80. - PubMed
Shern 1976 {published data only}
    1. Shern RJ, Duany LF, Senning RS, Zinner DD. Clinical study of an amine fluoride gel and acidulated phosphate fluoride gel. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1976;4:133‐6. - PubMed
Slack 1964 {published data only}
    1. Slack GL, Martin WJ. The use of a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride in the control of dental caries. Report of an unsupervised clinical trial. British Dental Journal 1964;117:275‐80.
Slack 1967 {published data only}
    1. Slack GL, Berman DS, Martin WJ, Young J. Clinical testing of stannous fluoride‐insoluble metaphosphate dentifrice in Kent girls. British Dental Journal 1967;123:9‐16.
Slack 1967a {published data only}
    1. Slack GL, Berman DS, Martin WJ, Hardie JM. Clinical testing of a stannous fluoride‐calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice in Essex school girls. British Dental Journal 1967;123:26‐33.
Slack 1971 {published data only}
    1. Slack GL, Bulman JS, Osborn JF. Clinical testing of fluoride and non‐fluoride containing dentifrices in Hounslow school children. British Dental Journal 1971;130:154‐8. - PubMed
Spets‐Happonen 1991 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Spets‐Happonen S, Luoma H, Forss H, Kentala J, Alaluusua S. Effects of a chlorhexidine‐fluoride‐strontium rinsing program on caries, gingivitis and some salivary bacteria among Finnish schoolchildren. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1991;99:130‐8. - PubMed
Szwejda 1972 {published data only}
    1. Szwejda LF. Fluorides in community programs; a study of four years of various fluorides applied topically to the teeth of children in fluoridated communities. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 1972;32:25‐33. - PubMed
Tewari 1990 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Tewari A, Chawla HS, Utreja A. Caries preventive effect of three topical fluorides (1 1/2 years clinical trial in Chandigarh school children of North India). Journal of the International Association of Dentistry for Children 1984;15:71‐81.
    1. Tewari A, Chawla HS, Utreja A. Comparative evaluation of the role of NaF, APF & Duraphat topical fluoride applications in the prevention of dental caries‐a 2 1/2 years study. Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventative Dentistry 1990;8:28‐35. - PubMed
Thomas 1966 {published data only}
    1. Thomas AE, Jamison HC. Effect of SnF2 dentrifices on caries in children: two‐year clinical study of supervised brushing in children's homes. Journal of the American Dental Association 1966;73:844‐52. - PubMed
Torell 1965 {published data only}
    1. Torell P. The Goteborg studies of methods of applying fluorides topically. In: Hardwick JL, Held HR, Konig KG editor(s). Advances in fluorine research and dental caries prevention. Vol. 3, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1965:255‐8. - PubMed
    1. Torell P, Ericsson Y. Two year clinical tests with different methods of local caries‐preventive fluorine application in Swedish school‐children (Part I: The Goteborg study). Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1965;23:287‐312. - PubMed
Torell 1965a {published data only}
    1. Torell P. The Goteborg studies of methods of applying fluorides topically. In: Hardwick JL, Held HR, Konig KG editor(s). Advances in fluorine research and dental caries prevention. Vol. 3, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1965:255‐8. - PubMed
    1. Torell P, Ericsson Y. Two year clinical tests with different methods of local caries‐preventive fluorine application in Swedish school‐children (Part I: The Goteborg study). Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1965;23:287‐312. - PubMed
Torell 1965b {published data only}
    1. Torell P, Ericsson Y. Two‐year clinical tests with different methods of local caries‐preventive fluorine application in Swedish school‐children (Part II: The Sodertalje study). Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1965;23:313‐22. - PubMed
Torell 1965c {published data only}
    1. Torell P, Ericsson Y. Two‐year clinical tests with different methods of local caries‐preventive fluorine application in Swedish school‐children (Part II: The Sodertalje study). Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1965;23:313‐22. - PubMed
Treide 1988 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Treide A, Treide B. The anticaries effectiveness of newly developed fluoride‐containing gels following 3 years of clinical use in preschool children [Die karieshemmend effektivitat neuentwickelter fluoridhaltiger gele nach deijahriger klinischer Anwendung im vorschulalter]. Stomatologie der DDR 1988;38:708‐12. - PubMed
Trubman 1973 {published data only}
    1. Trubman A, Crellin JA. Effect on dental caries of self‐application of acidulated phosphate fluoride paste and gel. Journal of the American Dental Association 1973;86:153‐7. - PubMed
van Wyk 1986 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Wyk I, Wyk CW. The effectiveness of a 0.2 percent and a 0.05 percent neutral NaF mouthrinsing programme. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa 1986;41:35‐40. - PubMed
Weisenstein 1972 {published data only}
    1. Weisenstein PR, Zacherl WA. A multiple‐examiner clinical evaluation of a sodium fluoride dentifrice. Journal of the American Dental Association 1972;84:621‐3. - PubMed
Zacherl 1970 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Zacherl WA, McPhail CW. Evaluation of a stannous fluoride‐calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 1965;31:174‐80. - PubMed
    1. Zacherl WA, McPhail CW. Final report on the efficacy of a stannous fluoride‐calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 1970;36:262‐4. - PubMed
Zacherl 1970a {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Zacherl WA, McPhail CW. Evaluation of a stannous fluoride‐calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 1965;31:174‐80. - PubMed
    1. Zacherl WA, McPhail CW. Final report on the efficacy of a stannous fluoride‐calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 1970;36:262‐4. - PubMed
Zacherl 1972 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Zacherl WA. Clinical evaluation of an aged stannous fluoride‐calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 1972;38:155‐7. - PubMed
Zacherl 1972a {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Zacherl WA. A clinical evaluation of a sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride dentifrices [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1968;IADR Abstr. No 253:101.
    1. Zacherl WA. Clinical evaluation of neutral sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate and acidulated fluoride‐phosphate denifrices. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 1972;38:35‐8. - PubMed
Zacherl 1973 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Zacherl WA. A clinical evaluation of a stannous fluoride and a sarcosinate dentifrice. ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1973;40:451‐3. - PubMed
    1. Zacherl WA. Clinical evaluation of a sarcosinate dentifrice [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1970;IADR Abstr. No 339:133.
Zacherl 1981 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Biesbrock AR, Faller RV, Bartizek RD, Court LK, McClanahan SF. Reversal of incipient and radiographic caries through the use of sodium and stannous fluoride dentifrices in a clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1998;9:5‐10. - PubMed
    1. Caplan DJ, Slade GD, Biesbrock AR, Bartizek RD, McClanahan SF, Beck JD. A comparison of increment and incidence density analyses in evaluating the anticaries effects of two dentifrices. Caries Research 1999;33:16‐22. - PubMed
    1. Zacherl WA. A three‐year clinical caries evaluation of the effect of a sodium fluoride‐silica abrasive dentifrice. Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Dentistry 1981;6:1‐7. - PubMed
    1. Zacherl WA. Clinical evaluation of a sodium fluoride‐silica abrasive dentifrice [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1981;60:577. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Aasenden 1972 {published data only}
    1. Aasenden R, DePaola PF, Brudevold F. Effects of daily rinsing and ingestion of fluoride solutions upon dental caries and enamel fluoride. Archives of Oral Biology 1972;17:1705‐14. - PubMed
Antia 1974 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Antia FE, Shahani DR, Kapadia JD. A clinical study of sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice in institutionalized children in the city of Bombay. Journal of the Indian Dental Association 1974;46:165‐70.
Arcieri 1981 {published data only}
    1. Arcieri RM, Saliba NA, Saliba O. Appraisal of the reduction of the incidence of dental caries, due to mouthwashes with a 0.2% sodium fluoride solution [Avaliacao da reducao na incidencia da carie dentaria, devida a bochechos com solucao de fluoreto de sodio a 0.2%]. Revista da Associacao Paulista de Cirurgioes Dentistas 1981;35:126‐31. - PubMed
Axelsson 1976 {published data only}
    1. Axelsson P, Lindhe J, Waseby J. The effect of various plaque control measures on gingivitis and caries in schoolchildren. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1976;4:232‐9. - PubMed
Badersten 1975 {published data only}
    1. Badersten A, Egelberg J, Koch G. Effect of monthly prophylaxis on caries and gingivitis in schoolchildren. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1975;3:1‐4. - PubMed
Bellini 1981 {published data only}
    1. Bellini HT, Campi R, Denardi JL. Four years of monthly professional toothcleaning and topical fluoride application in Brazilian schoolchildren. I. Effect on gingivitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1981;8:231‐8. - PubMed
Bibby 1945 {published data only}
    1. Bibby BG. A test of the effect of fluoride containing‐dentifrices on dental caries. Journal of Dental Research 1945;24:297‐303. - PubMed
Billy‐Pryga 1983 {published data only}
    1. Billy‐Pryga Z, Ilewicz L, Zakrzewska‐Pysz E. Clinical evaluation of Duraphat and Fluor‐Protector preparations in caries prevention [Ocena kliniczna preparatow Duraphat i Fluor‐Protector w profilaktyce prochnicowej]. Czasopismo Stomatologiczne 1983;36:109‐15. - PubMed
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Birkeland 1973 {published data only}
    1. Birkeland JM, Jorkjend L, Fehr FR. The influence of fluoride mouthrinsing on the incidence of gingivitis in Norwegian children. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1973;1:17‐21. - PubMed
Bixler 1962 {published data only}
    1. Bixler D, Muhler JC. Experimental clinical human caries test design and interpretation. Journal of the American Dental Association 1962;65:482‐8. - PubMed
Bixler 1966 {published data only}
    1. Bixler D, Muhler JC. Effectiveness of a stannous fluoride‐containing dentifrice in reducing dental caries in children in a boarding school environment. Journal of the American Dental Association 1966;72:653‐8. - PubMed
Bixler 1966a {published data only}
    1. Bixler D, Muhler JC. Combined use of three agents containing stannous fluoride: a prophylactic paste a solution and a dentifrice. Journal of the American Dental Association 1964;68:792‐800. - PubMed
    1. Bixler D, Muhler JC. Effect on dental caries in children in a nonfluoride area of combined use of three agents containing stannous fluoride: a prophylactic paste, a solution, and a dentifrice. II. Results at the end of 24 and 36 months. Journal of the American Dental Association 1966;72:392‐6. - PubMed
Bohannan 1985a {published data only}
    1. Preventing tooth decay: results from a four‐year national study. Princetown (NJ): The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; 1983. Special Report No. 2.
    1. Bell RM, Klein SP, Bohannan HM, Disney JA, Graves RC, Madson R. Treatment effects in the national preventive dentistry demonstration program. Santa Monica (CA): The Rand Corporation; 1984. Report No. R‐3072‐RWJ.
    1. Bohannan HM, Klein SP, Disney JA, Bell RM, Graves RC, Foch CB. A summary of the results of the National Preventive Dentistry Demonstration Program. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 1985;51:435‐41. - PubMed
    1. Klein SP, Bohannan HM, Bell RM, Disney JA, Foch CB, Graves RC. The cost and effectiveness of school‐based preventive dental care. American Journal of Public Health 1985;75:382‐91. - PMC - PubMed
Boyd 1985 {published data only}
    1. Boyd CH, Boyd CM, Gallien GS Jr. A preliminary report: the effectiveness of 0.4% stannous fluoride on controlling dental caries. Arkhiv Dental Journal 1985;56:14‐5. - PubMed
Bristow 1975 {published data only}
    1. Bristow PD. Notes on a fluoride mouth‐rinsing scheme in Portsmouth. British Dental Jounal 1975;139:329‐30. - PubMed
    1. Taylor GO, Dowell TB. A field trial in preventive dentistry [letter]. British Dental Journal 1976;140:39‐40. - PubMed
Brodeur 1989 {published data only}
    1. Brodeur JM, Simard PL, Demers M, Contandriopoulos A‐P, Tessier G, Lepage Y, et al. Comparative effects of FMR programs in fluoridated and unfluoridated communities. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 1988;54:761‐5. - PubMed
    1. Brodeur JM, Simard PL, Demers M, Contandriopoulos A‐P, Tessier G, Lepage Y, et al. Recruitment and compliance in school‐based FMR programs. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 1990;56:53‐6. - PubMed
    1. Brodeur JM, Simard PL, Tessier C, Lepage Y, Contandriopoulos AP, Lachapelle D. Effectiveness of a fluoride mouthrinsing program in Quebec, Canada [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1986;65:198.
Castellanos 1983 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Castellanos RA. Comparative study of the effect of a .5% NaF solution by mouthwash, toothbrushing or both, in the prevention of dental caries [Estudo comparativo do efeito de solucao de NaF a 0,5%, atraves de bochecho, escovacao e ambos, na prevencao da carie dental]. Revista de Saude Publica 1983;17:461‐75. - PubMed
Chikte 1996 {published data only}
    1. Chikte UM, Lewis HA, Rudolph MJ. The effectiveness of a school‐based fluoride mouth rinse programme. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa 1996;51:697‐700. - PubMed
Clark 1985a {published data only}
    1. Clark DC, Robert G, Tessier C, Frechette N, Blanc G, Boucher L, et al. The results after 20 months of a study testing the efficacy of a weekly fluoride mouthrinsing program. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 1985;45:252‐6. - PubMed
Corpus 1973 {published data only}
    1. Corpus BT. The effect of 0.2 percent sodium fluoride mouthrinse in the prevention of dental caries in school children born and reared in a non‐fluoridated community. Journal of the Philippine Dental Association 1973;25:5‐12. - PubMed
de Canton 1983 {published data only}
    1. Canton LP, Basso ML, Ishikawa I, Kaufman A, Marcantoni M, Sveile R, et al. Supragingival plaque and smooth surface caries in children undergoing preventive measures [Placa supragingival y caries de superficies lisas en ninos con medidas preventivas]. Revista de la Asociacion Odontologica Argentina 1983;71:153‐6. - PubMed
DePaola 1967 {published data only}
    1. DePaola PF. Combined use of a sodium fluoride prophylaxis paste and a spray containing acidulated sodium fluoride solution. Journal of the American Dental Association 1967;75:1407‐11. - PubMed
Disney 1989 {published data only}
    1. Disney JA, Graves RC, Stamm JW, Bohannan HM, Abernathy JR. Comparative effects of a 4‐year fluoride mouthrinse program on high and low caries forming grade 1 children. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1989;17:139‐43. - PubMed
Downer 1976 {published data only}
    1. Downer MC, Holloway PJ, Davies TG. Clinical testing of a topical fluoride caries preventive programme. British Dental Journal 1976;141:242‐7. - PubMed
    1. Downer MC, Spencer SJ. Evaluating a dental caries preventive programme. Royal Society Health Journal 1973;93:129‐32. - PubMed
Ennever 1980 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ennever J, Peterson JK, Hester WR, Segreto VA, Radike AW. Influence of alkaline pH on the effectiveness of sodium fluoride dentifrices. Journal of Dental Research 1980;59:658‐61. - PubMed
Esteva Canto 1991 {published data only}
    1. Esteva Canto M, March Cerda JC, Abraham Paris C, Quintana Torres L, Botey Ornedal A, Ferrer Riera J, et al. Community trial for the evaluation of the fluoride mouthwash program among students in Palma de Mallorca [Ensayo comunitario de evaluacion del programa de enjuagues con fluor en los escolares de Palma de Mallorca]. Atencion Primaria 1991;8:928‐31. - PubMed
Fernandez 1979 {published data only}
    1. Fernandez RAC. Estudo comparativo do efeito de solucao de NaF a 0.5% atraves de bochecho, escovacao e ambos, na prevencao da carie dental [dissertation]. Sao Paulo (SP): Universidade de Sao Paulo, 1979.
Finn 1963 {published data only}
    1. Finn SB, Jamison HC. A comparative clinical study of three dentifrices. ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1963;30:17‐25.
Frankl 1972 {published data only}
    1. Frankl SN, Fleisch S, Diodati RR. The topical anticariogenic effect of daily rinsing with an acidulated phosphate fluoride solution. Journal of the American Dental Association 1972;85:882‐6. - PubMed
Gish 1965 {published data only}
    1. Gish CW, Muhler JC. Effect on dental caries in children in a natural fluoride area of combined use of three agents containing stannous fluoride: a prophylactic paste, a solution and a dentifrice. Journal of the American Dental Association 1965;70:914‐20. - PubMed
Gray 1980 {published data only}
    1. Gray AS, Gunther DM, Munns PM. Fluoride paste and rinse in a school dental program. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 1980;46:651‐4. - PubMed
Grodzka 1982 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Grodzka K, Augustyniak L, Budny J, Czarnocka K, Janicha J, Mlosek K, et al. Caries increment in primary teeth after application of Duraphat fluoride varnish. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1982;10:55‐9. - PubMed
Gutherz 1968 {published data only}
    1. Gutherz M. Clinical demonstration of the inhibitory effect on caries of a metaphosphate containing fluoride toothpaste [Klinischer Nachweis der Karieshemmwirkung einer metaphosphathaligen Fluorzahnpaste]. SSO Schweizerische Monatsschrift Fuer Zahnheilkund 1968;78:235‐47. - PubMed
Halikis 1966 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Halikis SE. A pilot study on the effectiveness of a stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental caries in children. Australian Dental Journal 1966;11:336‐7. - PubMed
Heifetz 1979 {published data only}
    1. Heifetz SB, Franchi GJ, Mosley GW, MacDougall O, Brunelle J. Combined anti‐cariogenic effect of fluoride gel‐trays and fluoride mouthrinsing in a fluoridated community [abstract No 811]. Journal of Dental Research 1978;57:277.
    1. Heifetz SB, Franchi GJ, Mosley GW, MacDougall O, Brunelle J. Combined anticariogenic effect of fluoride gel‐trays and fluoride mouthrinsing in an optimally fluoridated community. Clinical Preventative Dentistry 1979;1:21‐8. - PubMed
Hetzer 1973 {published data only}
    1. Hetzer G, Irmisch B. Caries prevention using fluoride varnish (Duraphat)‐clinical results and experiences [Kariesprotektion durch Fluorlack (Duraphat)‐Klinische Ergebnisse und Erfahrungen]. Deutsche Stomatologie 1973;23:917‐22. - PubMed
Heuser 1968 {published data only}
    1. Heuser H, Schmidt HF. Dental caries prophylaxis by deep impregnation of the dental enamel with fluorine lac [Zahnkariesprophylaxe durch Tiefenimpragnierung des Zahnschmelzes mit Fluor‐Lack]. Stoma Heidelb 1968;21:91‐100. - PubMed
    1. Schmidt H. Caries prevention by means of deep impregnation of the dental enamel with fluoride lacquer Kariesprophylaxe durch Tiefenimpragnierung des Zahnschmelzes mit Fluorlack [Effekten av fluorlakkering pa tannbehandlings‐behovet hos en gruppe ungdomsskoleelever]. Deutsche Stomatologie 1971;21:139‐42. - PubMed
Hill 1959 {published data only}
    1. Hill TJ. Fluoride dentifrices. Journal of the American Dental Association 1959;59:1121‐7. - PubMed
Hochstein 1975 {published data only}
    1. Hochstein HJ, Hochstein U, Breitung L. Experience with the fluoride lacker Duraphat [Erfahrungen mit dem Fluorlack Duraphat]. ZWR 1975;84:26‐30. - PubMed
Irmisch 1974 {published data only}
    1. Hetzer G, Irmisch B, Passler J, Pilz W, Voigt I. Results and experiences in controlled toothbrushing with various caries protective solutions [Ergebnisse und Erfahrungen beim kontrollierten Zahnebursten mit verschiedenen kariesprotektiv wirksamen Losungen]. Deutsche Stomatologie 1971;21:135‐9. - PubMed
    1. Irmisch B, Hetzer G, Passler J, Voigt I. Caries prevention by controlled mouth rinsing. Results following a 4‐year control period. [Kariesprophylaxe durch uberwachte Mundspulaktionen. Ergebnisse nach 4ja hriger Kontrollzeit]. Zahn Mund und Kieferheilkunde mit Zentralblatt 1974;62:690‐3. - PubMed
Ivanova 1990 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ivanova EN. The comparative efficacy of local anticaries agents [Sravnitel'naia effektivnost' mestnykh protivokarioznykh sredtsv]. Stomatologiia Mosk 1990;69:60‐1. - PubMed
Jiraskova 1965 {published data only}
    1. Jiraskova M, Bures H, Hoskova M, Kotrba V, Thorova J, Mrklas L. Effect of Czechoslovakian‐made toothpaste containing sodium fluoride [Ucinek cs. zubni pasty s pridavkem fluoridu sodneho]. Ceskoslovenske Stomatologie 1965;65:433‐6. - PubMed
Jordan 1959 {published data only}
    1. Jordan WA, Peterson JK. Caries‐inhibiting value of a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride: final report of a two year study. Journal of the American Dental Association 1959;58:42‐4. - PubMed
    1. Jordan WA, Peterson JK. Caries‐inhibiting value of a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride: first year report of a supervised toothbrushing study. Journal of the American Dental Association 1957;54:589‐94. - PubMed
Kani 1973 {published data only}
    1. Kani M, Fujioka M, Nagamine Y, Fuji K, Kani T. The effect of acidulated sodium fluoride mouthwash on dental caries during a three‐year period. Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi 1973;23:244‐50. - PubMed
Kasakura 1966 {published data only}
    1. Kasakura T. Dental observation on school feeding. 3. Effect of the dental caries prevention by oral rinsing with sodium fluoride solution in school feeding. Odontology (Tokyo)‐Shigaku 1966;54:22‐32. - PubMed
Kitsugi 1978 {published data only}
    1. Kitsugi E. Control of dental caries among 6 to 14 year old school children by the application of preventive treatment and incremental care. Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi 1978;28:244‐65. - PubMed
Kolehmainen 1979 {published data only}
    1. Kolehmainen L, Kerosuo E. The clinical effect of application of a urethane lacquer containing silane fluorine. A one‐year study. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 1979;75:69‐71. - PubMed
Kolehmainen 1981 {published data only}
    1. Kolehmainen L. Evaluation of a fluoride‐containing varnish in children with low caries incidence. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1981;89:228‐34. - PubMed
Kukleva 1983 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kukleva M, Palabikjan V, Stoilova R, Skuleva V, Nenkovsca J. Prevention of dental caries using Kerr fluoride gel (preliminary communication) [Profilaktika na zubniia karies s floren gel "Kerr" (predvaritelno sobshchenie)]. Stomatologiia Sofiia 1983;65:5‐7. - PubMed
Kukleva 1998 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kukleva M. Prevention of dental caries on the first permanent molars with fluoride gel in the first year after eruption. Folia Medica Plovdiv 1998;40:60‐4. - PubMed
    1. Kukleva M, Kondeva V, Kotsikas M. Group caries prophylactic with fluoride gel. 3rd Balkan Congress of Medicine and Dentistry for Students and Young Doctors; 1999 Nov 5‐7;Bursa (Turkey).
Kunin 1991 {published data only}
    1. Kunin AA, Kharin OV. The use of a fluoride varnish and helium‐neon laser light in preventing caries of the deciduous teeth [Ispol'zovanie ftoristogo laka i sveta gelii‐neonovogo lazera v profilaktike kariesa vremennykh zubov]. Stomatologiia Mosk 1991;4:71‐2. - PubMed
Kunzel 1977 {published data only}
    1. Franke W, Kunzel W, Treide A, Bluthner K. Caries prevention by means of aminofluoride after 7 years of collectively conducted oral hygiene [Karieshemmung durch Aminfluorid nach 7 Jahren kollektiv angeleiteter Mundhygiene]. Stomatologie der DDR 1977;27:13‐6. - PubMed
    1. Franke W, Kunzel W, Treide A, Bluthner K. Longitudinal studies on the inhibition of caries by amine fluoride within the framework of guided and supervised oral hygiene actions [Langsschnittstudien zur Karieshemmung durch Aminfluorid im Rahmen angeleiteter und uberwachter Mundhygiene‐Aktionen]. Stomatologie der DDR 1976;26:532‐7. - PubMed
    1. Franke W, Kunzel W, Treide A, Bluthner K. Wirkungsweise und effwktivitat lokal applizierter aminofluoride zur kariespravention. Medicamentum 1975;16:362.
    1. Geiger L, Kunzel W, Treide A. Comparative clinical‐radiological studies on the increase of caries after controlled mouth hygiene with aminofluoride [Vergleichende klinisch‐rontgenologische Untersuchungen uber den Karieszuwachs nach kontrollierter Mundhygiene mit Aminfluorid]. Deutsch Stomatologie 1971;21:132‐5. - PubMed
    1. Kunzel W. Comparative clinical and x‐ray study of the cariostatic effectiveness of aminofluorides [Sravnitel'noe kliniko‐rentgenologicheskoe issledovanie protivokarioznoi effektivnosti aminoftoridov]. Stomatologiia Mosk 1980;59:67‐70. - PubMed
Kunzel 1978 {published data only}
    1. Kunzel W, Georgi C. Added caries prevention by means of topical fluoride application in children of a district with fluoridation [Additive Karieshemmung durch lokale Fluoridapplikation bei Kindern eines Wohngebietes mit fluoridangereichertem Trinkwasser]. Stomatologie der DDR 1978;28:465‐9. - PubMed
Lagutina 1978 {published data only}
    1. Lagutina NJ, Vorobjev VS, Grabetskij AA, Stepanov AV. Clinical evaluation of home fluoride‐containing varnish. Quintessence International 1978;9:63‐6. - PubMed
Lehnhoff 1966 {published data only}
    1. Lehnhoff RW. Clinical measurement of the effect of an anticaries dentifrice by three examiners [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1966;IADR Abstr No 246:100.
Lieser 1978 {published data only}
    1. Lieser O, Schmidt HF. Caries preventive effect of fluoride lacquer after several year's use in children [Kariesprophylaktische Wirkung von Fluorlack nach mehrjahriger Anwendung in der Jugendzahnpflege]. Deutsche Zahnarztliche Zeitschrift 1978;33:176‐8. - PubMed
Lindquist 1989 {published data only}
    1. Lindquist B, Edward S, Torell P, Krasse B. Effect of different carriers preventive measures in children highly infected with mutans streptococci. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1989;97:330‐7. - PubMed
Louw 1995 {published data only}
    1. Louw AJ, Carstens IL, Hartshorne JE, Blignaut RJ. Effectiveness of two school‐based caries preventive programmes. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa 1995;50:43‐9. - PubMed
Lu 1985 {published data only}
    1. Lu KH, Yen DJ, Zacherl WA, Ruhlman CD, Sturzenberger OP, Lehnhoff RW. The effect of a fluoride dentifrice containing an anticalculus agent on dental caries in children. ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1985;52:449‐51. - PubMed
Luoma 1978 {published data only}
    1. Luoma H, Murtomaa H, Nuuja T, Nyman A, Nummikoski P, Ainamo J, et al. A simultaneous reduction of caries and gingivitis in a group of schoolchildren receiving chlorhexidine‐fluoride applications. Results after 2 years. Caries Research 1978;12:290‐8. - PubMed
Maiwald 1973 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Maiwald HJ. Topical application of fluoride varnish for dental caries prevention in collectives following a 3‐year testing period [Lokalapplikation von Fluorschulzlack zur Kariespravention in Kollektiven nach dreij''ahriger Kontrollzeit]. Stomatologie der DDR 1974;24:123‐5. - PubMed
    1. Maiwald HJ, Geiger L. Local application of fluorine protective varnish for caries prevention in collectivities [Lokalapplikation von Fluorschutzlack zur Kariesprophylaxe in Kollektiven]. Deutsche Stomatologie 1973;23:56‐63. - PubMed
Maiwald 1978 {published data only}
    1. Maiwald HJ, Kunzel W, Weatherell J. The use of a fluoride varnish in caries prevention. Journal of the International Association of Dentistry for Children 1978;9:31‐5. - PubMed
Mari 1988 {published data only}
    1. Mari A, Toth K, Kiss Z, Szita V. The effect of Fluor Protector lacquer on the deciduous and permanent teeth in children consuming fluoridated table salt [A Fluor Protector lakk hatasa fluorozott sot fogyaszto gyermekek tej‐ es maradofogazatanak allapotara]. Fogorvosi Szemle 1988;81:225‐30. - PubMed
Mari 1988a {published data only}
    1. Mari A, Toth K, Kiss Z, Savay G. The effect of Duraphat lacquer on the condition of the permanent teeth in children consuming fluoridated table salt [A Duraphat lakk hatasa fluorozott sot fogyaszto gyermek maradofogazatanak allapotara]. Fogorvosi Szemle 1988;81:169‐74. - PubMed
McCormick 1970 {published data only}
    1. McCormick J, Manson Hing L, Wolff AE, Koulourides T. Remineralizing mouthwash rationale and a pilot clinical study. Alabama Journal of Medical Sciences 1970;7:92‐7. - PubMed
Mellberg 1978 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Mellberg JR, Franchi GJ, Englander HR, Mosley GW, Nicholson CR. Short intensive topical APF applications and dental caries in a fluoridated area. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1978;6:117‐20. - PubMed
Mendonca 1995 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Bohning D, Dietz E, Schlattmann P, Mendonca L, Kirchner U. The zero‐inflated poisson model and the decayed, missing and filled teeth index in dental epidemiology. Journal of the Royal Statist Society 1999;162:195‐209.
    1. Mendonca L. Longitudinalstudie zu kariespraventiven Methoden, durchgefuhrt bei 7‐ bis 10‐jahrigen urbanen kindern in Belo Horizonte (Brasilien) [dissertation]. Berlin: Free University of Berlin, 1995.
Mergele 1968a {published data only}
    1. Mergele M. A supervised brushing study in state institution schools. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 1968;14:247‐50.
Moller 1968 {published data only}
    1. Bay I, Moller IJ. The effect of a sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice on the gingiva. Journal of Periodontal Research 1969;4:103‐8. - PubMed
    1. Moller IJ, Holst JJ, Sorensen E. Caries reducing effect of a sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice. British Dental Journal 1968;124:209‐13. - PubMed
    1. Moller IJ, Holst JJ, Sorensen E. Effect of a toothpaste containing sodium monofluorophosphate with controlled toothbrushing [Effekten af en natriummonofluorfosfatholdig tandpasta ved kontrolleret tandborstning]. Tandlaegebladet 1968;72:705‐17. - PubMed
Morgan 1998 {published data only}
    1. Morgan MV, Campain AC, Adams GG, Crowley SJ, Wright FA. The efficacy and effectiveness of a primary preventive dental programme in non‐fluoridated areas of Victoria, Australia. Community Dental Health 1998;15:263‐71. - PubMed
    1. Morgan MV, Campain AC, Crowley SJ, Wright FA. An evaluation of a primary preventive dental programme in non‐fluoridated areas of Victoria, Australia. Australian Dental Journal 1997;42:381‐8. - PubMed
    1. Morgan MV, Crowley SJ, Wright C. Economic evaluation of a pit and fissure dental sealant and fluoride mouthrinsing program in two nonfluoridated regions of Victoria, Australia. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 1998;58:19‐27. - PubMed
Morozova 1983 {published data only}
    1. Morozova NV, Blekher GA, Shchekleina TA, Dobriakova NS. Effectiveness of caries prevention in children with stage‐III activity of the carious process [Effektivnost' profilaktiki kariesa u detei s III stepen'iu aktivnosti karioznogo protsessa]. Stomatologiia Mosk 1983;62:63‐5. - PubMed
Muhler 1955a {published data only}
    1. Muhler JC, Radike AW, Nebergall WH, Day HG. Effect of a stannous fluoride‐containing dentifrice on caries reduction in children II. Caries experience after one year. Journal of the American Dental Association 1955;50:163‐6. - PubMed
    1. Muhler JC, Radike AW, Nebergall WH, Day HG. The effect of a stannous fluoride‐containing dentifrice on caries reduction in children. Journal of Dental Research 1954;33:606‐12. - PubMed
Muhler 1957 {published data only}
    1. Muhler JC. Effect on dental caries of a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride and dicalcium phosphate. Journal of Dental Research 1957;36:399‐402. - PubMed
Muhler 1958 {published data only}
    1. Muhler JC. The effect of a modified stannous fluoride‐calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice on dental caries in children. Journal of Dental Research 1958;37:448‐50. - PubMed
Muhler 1960 {published data only}
    1. Muhler JC. Combined anticariogenic effect of a single stannous fluoride solution and the unsupervised use of a stannous fluoride‐containing dentifrice. II. Results at the end of three years. Journal of Dental Research 1960;39:955‐8. - PubMed
    1. Muhler JC. The combined anticariogenic effect of a single stannous fluoride treatment and the unsupervised use of a stannous fluoride‐containing dentifrice. Journal of Dental Research 1959;38:994‐7. - PubMed
Muhler 1962 {published data only}
    1. Muhler JC. Effect of a stannous fluoride dentifrice on caries reduction in children during a three year study period. Journal of the Americal Dental Association 1962;64:216‐24. - PubMed
    1. Muhler JC. The effect of a stannous fluoride dentifrice on caries reduction in children during a three‐year study period (Summary). In: Muhlemann HR, Konig KG editor(s). Caries Symposium Zurich. Berne and Stuttgart: Hans Huber, 1961:9‐13.
Murray 1977 {published data only}
    1. Murray JJ, Winter GB, Hurst CP. Duraphat fluoride varnish. A 2‐year clinical trial in 5‐year‐old children. British Dental Journal 1977;143:11‐7. - PubMed
Niwa 1975 {published data only}
    1. Niwa T, Baba K, Niwa M. A study on caries prevention effects of dentifrices containing sodium monofluorophosphate, sodium monofluorophosphate plus dextranase, and sodium monofluorophosphate plus sodium phosphate. Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi 1975;25:172‐94. - PubMed
Onisi 1970 {published data only}
    1. Onisi M, Tani H. Clinical trial on the reduction of caries incidence by use of two different fluoride dentifrices. Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi 1970;20:105‐11. - PubMed
Onisi 1974 {published data only}
    1. Onisi M, Kitamura T, Tokumasu A, Murakami Y, Makino S. Cariostatic effect of a new fluoride dentifrice. Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi 1974;24:1‐5. - PubMed
Pashaev 1977 {published data only}
    1. Pashaev KP. Comparative assessment of the caries prevention effectiveness of different fluorine preparations [Sravnitel'naia otsenka kariesprofilakticheskoi effektivnosti razlichnykh preparatov ftora]. Stomatologiia Mosk 1977;56:82‐4. - PubMed
Patz 1970 {published data only}
    1. Patz J, Naujoks R. The caries prophylactic effect of an aminofluoride containing toothpaste in adolescents after 3 years of controlled use [Die kariesprophylaktische Wirkung einer aminfluoridhaltigen Zahnpaste bei Jugendlichen nach dreijahrigem unuberwachten Gebrauch]. Deutsche Zahnarztliche Zeitschrift 1970;25:617‐25. - PubMed
Peffley 1960 {published data only}
    1. Peffley GE, Muhler JC. Effect of a commercial stannous fluoride dentifrice under controlled brushing habits on dental caries incidence in children: preliminary report. Journal of Dental Research 1960;39:871‐4. - PubMed
Petersson 1998 {published data only}
    1. Petersson LG, Twetman S, Pakhomov GN. The efficiency of semiannual silane fluoride varnish applications: a two‐year clinical study in preschool children. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 1998;58:57‐60. - PubMed
Piccione 1979 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Piccione N. Controlled clinical study of the caries prophylactic activity of a new bifluoride toothpaste (sodium monofluorophosphate + sodium fluoride) [Studio clinico controllato sull'attivita carioprofilattica di una nuova pasta dentifricia bifluorurata (monofluorofosfato di sodio + fluoruro di sodio)]. Minerva Stomatologica 1979;28:325‐7. - PubMed
Pinto 1993 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Pinto IL. Dental caries prevention through APF Gel‐Tray applications each six months [Prevenção da cárie dental com aplicaçõe tópicas semestrais de fluor fosfato]. Revista de Saude Publica 1993;27:277‐90. - PubMed
Ramos 1995 {published data only}
    1. Ramos SB. Efeito de bochechos fluoretados (NaF ‐ 0,2 por cento) e da aplicacao do verniz com fluor (NaF ‐ 5 por cento) na prevencao da carie dentaria: estudo comparativo em escolares da Regiao Norte da cidade de Sao Paulo, 1992‐1993 [Effect of fortnightly rinsing with a 0.2 percent NaF solution and a fluoride varnish with 5 percent NaF in dental caries prevention: comparative study in students of the northern region of Sao Paulo city, Brazil, 1992‐ 1993] [dissertation]. Sao Paulo: Universidade de Sao Paulo (SP), 1995.
Riethe 1975 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Riethe P, Schubring G. Clinical studies on a sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste in school children [Klinische Prufung einer Natriummonofluorphosphat‐Zahnpaste an Schulkindern]. Deutsche Zahnarztliche Zeitschrift 1975;30:513‐7. - PubMed
Riethe 1977 {published data only}
    1. Riethe P, Streib W, Schubring G. Clinical studies of Nuva Seal, Epoxylite 9070 and Fluor‐Protector [Klinische Untersuchungen mit Nuva Seal, Epoxylite 9070 und Fluor‐Protector]. Deutsche Zahnarztliche Zeitschrift 1977;32:853‐5. - PubMed
Roberts 1948 {published data only}
    1. Roberts JF, Bibby BG, Wellock WD. The effect of an acidulated fluoride mouthwash on dental caries. Journal of Dental Research 1948;27:497‐500. - PubMed
Rodriguez Miro 1983 {published data only}
    1. Rodriguez Miro MJ, Guerra Deben J, Wasersztejn M, Depres PA. Clinical trial of a caries preventive treatment based on the remineralization of the enamel: a preliminary study [Ensayo clinico del tratamiento preventivo de caries basado en la remineralizacion del esmalte: estudio preliminar]. Revista Cubana de Estomatologia 1983;20:74‐85. - PubMed
Rodriguez Miro 1988 {published data only}
    1. Rodriguez Miro MJ, Vega Valdes D. Evaluation of semiannual combined‐treatment with fluoride‐chlorhexidine varnish and toothbrushing with chlorhexidine toothpaste for 15 days every 3 months in hypercariogenic children [Valoracion del tratamiento combinado de aplicaciones semestrales de barniz‐fluor‐clorhexidine y del cepillado dental por 15 dias cada tres meses con la crema dental con clorhexidine en ninos hipercariogenicos]. Revista Cubana de Estomatologia 1988;25:28‐35. - PubMed
Ruszynska 1978 {published data only}
    1. Ruszynska H, George B, Anholcer H, Haber Milewska T. Clinical evaluation of fluor‐protector varnish in dental caries prevention [Badania kliniczne nad skutecznoscia stosowania lakieru fluor‐protektor w zapobieganiu prochnicy]. Czasopismo Stomatologiczne 1978;31:1021‐5. - PubMed
Salem 1979 {published data only}
    1. Salem LV, Raschio AJ, Montoya VC. Klinisch untersuchung uber die karieshemmend langseitwirkung des Fluor‐Protector‐Lackes. Kariesprophylaxe 1979;1:145‐8.
Schmidt 1970 {published data only}
    1. Schmidt HF. Caries prophylaxis by means of local application of sodium fluoride with special reference to long term fluoridation [Untersuchungen zur Prophylaxe der Zahnkaries durch ortliche Applikation von Natriumfluorid unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Langzeitfluoridierung]. Stoma Heidelb 1970;23:5‐40. - PubMed
Seppa 1982 {published data only}
    1. Birkeland JM. Trials ‐ results ‐ conclusions. Duraphat ‐ Fluor Protector [Forsok ‐ funn ‐ konklusjon. Duraphat ‐ Fluor Protector]. Norske Tannlaegeforenings Tidende 1981;91:368‐9. - PubMed
    1. Seppa L, Hausen H, Luoma H. Relationship between caries and fluoride uptake by enamel from two fluoride varnishes in a community with fluoridated water. Caries Research 1982;16:404‐12. - PubMed
    1. Seppa L, Hausen H, Tuutti H, Luoma H. Effect of a sodium fluoride varnish on the progress of initial caries lesions. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1983;91:96‐8. - PubMed
    1. Seppa L, Tuutti H, Luoma H. A 2‐year report on caries prevention by fluoride varnishes in a community with fluoridated water. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1981;89:143‐8. - PubMed
    1. Seppa L, Tuutti H, Luoma H. Post‐treatment effect of fluoride varnishes in children with a high prevalence of dental caries in a community with fluoridated water. Journal of Dental Research 1984;63:1221‐2. - PubMed
Shobha 1987 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Shobha T, Nandlal B, Prabhakar AR, Sudha P. Fluoride varnish versus acidulated phosphate fluoride for schoolchildren in Manipal. Journal of the Indian Dental Association 1987;59:157‐60. - PubMed
Spears 1978 {published data only}
    1. Spears ND, Goldstein C, Gordinier N, Crysler C. Effects of a thrice yearly application of fluoride gel. Dental Hygiene (Chicago) 1978;52:569‐72. - PubMed
Stadtler 1982 {published data only}
    1. Busse H, Stadtler P. A statistical model for caries incidence from a double‐blind NaF‐gel study. Caries Research 1990;24:427(Abstract).
    1. Stadtler P. Results of a 3‐year clinical, experimental double‐blind study of weekly supervised brushing with a sodium fluoride gel [Ergebnisse einer dreijahrigen klinisch experimentellen Doppelblindstudie mit wochentlichem uberwachtem Einbursten eines natriumfluoridhaltigen Gels]. Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur Stomatologie 1982;79:83‐99. - PubMed
    1. Stadtler P. Results of a 3‐year clinical, experimental double‐blind study of weekly supervised brushing with a sodium fluoride gel [Ergebnisse einer dreijahrigen klinisch‐experimentellen Doppelblindstudie mit wochentlichem uberwachtem Einbursten eines natriumfluoridhaltigen Gels]. Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur Stomatologie 1982;79:132‐54. - PubMed
Stookey 1975 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Stookey GK, Beiswanger BB. Influence of an experimental sodium fluoride dentifrice on dental caries incidence in children. Journal of Dental Research 1975;54:53‐8. - PubMed
Suntsov 1991 {published data only}
    1. Suntsov VG, Distel' VA, Zhorova TN, Buiankina RG, Toropov VN, Bulanova EL, et al. The trace efficacy of dental caries prevention in children [Sledovaia effektivnost' profilaktiki kariesa zubov u detei]. Stomatologiia Moskva 1991;2:69‐71. - PubMed
Swerdloff 1969 {published data only}
    1. Swerdloff G, Shannon IL. A feasibility study of the use of a stannous fluoride mouthwash in a school preventive dentistry program. USAF School of Aerospace Medicine; 1967. Report No. SAM‐TR‐67‐52 1‐10. - PubMed
    1. Swerdloff G, Shannon IL. Feasibility of the use of stannous fluoride mouthwash in a school system. ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1969;36:363‐8. - PubMed
Szoke 1989 {published data only}
    1. Szoke J, Kozma M. Results of 3‐year study of toothbrushing with a fluoride amine gel [Ergebnisse einer dreijahrigen Untersuchung uber Zahneputzen mit einem Aminfluorid‐Gelee]. Oral‐prophylaxe 1989;11:137‐43. - PubMed
    1. Szoke J, Kozma M. Results of a three‐year group test of the use of Elmex gel [Csoportosan vegzett Elmex zsele bedorzsoles harom eves eredmenyei]. Fogorvosi Szenile 1988;81:161‐7. - PubMed
Szwejda 1971 {published data only}
    1. Szwejda LF. Fluorides in community programs: results after two years from a fluoride gel applied topically. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 1971;31:241‐2. - PubMed
    1. Szwejda LF, Tossy CV, Below DM. Fluorides in community programs; results from a fluoride gel applied topically. Bulletin of Michigan Dental Hygienists Association 1968;14:13‐5. - PubMed
    1. Szwejda LF, Tossy CV, Below DM. Fluorides in community programs; results from a fluoride gel applied topically. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 1967;27:192‐4. - PubMed
Todorashko 1983 {published data only}
    1. Todorashko OV. Results of the combined use of remodent and fluorine lacquer for dental caries prevention in preschoolers [Rezul'taty sochetannogo primeneniia remodenta i ftorlaka dlia profilaktiki kariesa zubov u doshkol'nikov]. Stomatologiia Mosk 1983;62:12‐3. - PubMed
van Eck 1984 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Groeneveld A, Theuns HM, Kwant GW. Effect of a fluoride‐containing lacquer on dental caries. Journal of Dental Research 1982;61:569.
    1. Theuns HM, Groeneveld A, Eck AA. Clinical experimental field studies of the caries‐preventive effect of a fluoride lacquer [Een klinisch experimenteel veldonderzoek naar het caries‐ preventieve effect van een fluoridelak]. Netherlands Tijdschrift voor Tandheelkunde 1985;92:66‐9. - PubMed
    1. Eck AA, Theuns HM, Groeneveld A. Effect of annual application of polyurethane lacquer containing silane‐fluoride. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1984;12:230‐2. - PubMed
Wegner 1976 {published data only}
    1. Wegner H. The clinical effect of application of fluoride varnish. Caries Research 1976;10:318‐20. - PubMed
Weisz 1960 {published data only}
    1. Weisz WS. Reduction of dental caries through use of a sodium fluoride mouthwash. Journal of the American Dental Association 1960;60:438‐46. - PubMed
Widenheim 1989 {published data only}
    1. Widenheim J, Birkhed D, Hase JC, Olavi G. Effect on approximal caries in teenagers of interrupting a school‐based weekly NaF mouthrinse program for 3 years. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1989;17:83‐6. - PubMed
Wilson 1978 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Wilson CJ, Triol CW, Volpe AR. The clinical anticaries effect of a fluoride dentifrice and mouthrinse [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1978;57:276.
Winter 1975 {published data only}
    1. Winter K. Caries prophylaxis by local application of sodium fluoride lacquer [Kariesprophylaxe durch Lokalapplikation von Natriumfluorid‐Lack]. Zahnarztlicher Gesundheitsdienst 1975;3:1‐2. - PubMed
    1. Winter K. Caries prophylaxis by means of local application of sodium fluoride lacquer [Kariesprophylaxe durch Lokalapplikation von Natriumfluorid‐Lack]. Zahnarztliche Mitteilungren 1975;65:215‐21. - PubMed
Wrinkler 1953 {published data only}
    1. Wrinkler KC, Backer‐Dirks O, Amerongen J. A reproducible method for caries evaluation. Test in a therapeutic experiment with a fluorinated dentifrice. British Dental Journal 1953;95:119‐24.
Wycoff 1991 {published data only}
    1. Wycoff S, Elisson J. School based fluoride rinse caries prevention demonstration project [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1991;70:359.
Zickert 1982 {published data only}
    1. Zickert I, Lindvall AM, Axelsson P. Effect on caries and gingivitis of a preventive program based on oral hygiene measures and fluoride application. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1982;10:289‐95. - PubMed
Zimmer 1999 {published data only}
    1. Zimmer S, Robke FJ, Roulet JF. Caries prevention with fluoride varnish in a socially deprived community. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1999;27:103‐8. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Ainamo 1981 {published data only}
    1. Ainamo J, Tiainen L. The effect of supervised toothbrushing and fluoride rinsing every other week among schoolchildren in Vanda, Finland [Effekten av overvakad tandborstning och fluorskaoljning varannan vecka bland skolelever i Vanda, Finland]. Tandlaegebladet 1981;85:175‐9. - PubMed
Bodnar 1984 {published data only}
    1. Bodnar Z, Tarjan I, Keri I. Clinical experience with the use of Duraphat lacquer [A "Duraphat" lakk alkalmazasaval kapcsolatos klinikai tapasztalatok]. Fogorvosi Szenile 1984;77:279‐82. - PubMed
Cichocka 1981 {published data only}
    1. Cichocka E. Economic evaluation of selected methods of contact fluoridation of the teeth [Ocena ekonomiczna wybranych metod kontaktowego fluorkowania zebow]. Czasopismo Stomatologiczne 1981;34:245‐50. - PubMed
    1. Cichocka E. Oral hygiene and the efficacy of selected methods of contact tooth fluoridation [Higiena jamy ustnej a skutecznosc wybranych metod kontaktowego fluorkowania zebow]. Czasopismo Stomatologiczne 1981;34:145‐53. - PubMed
Forsman 1965 {published data only}
    1. Forsman B. Effect of mouth rinses with sodium fluoride in schools at Vaxjo [Effekten av munskoljningar med natriumfluorid‐losning vid skolor i Vaxjo]. Sver Tandlakarforb Tidningen 1965;57:705‐9.
Hall 1964 {published data only}
    1. Hall B, Lind V. A clinical experiment with daily fluoride mouth‐wash under supervision [Ett praktiskt forsok med overvakade dagliga fluoridmunskoljningar]. Sver Tandlakarforb Tidningen 1964;56:710‐4.
Hansson 1965 {published data only}
    1. Hansson N. Barntandvarden 1954‐1964 i Jonkoping lan. Sver Tandlakarforb Tidningen 1965;57:388.
Kawall 1981 {published data only}
    1. Kawall K, Lewis DW, Hargreaves JA. The effect of a fluoride mouthrinse in an optimally fluoridated community; final two year results [abstract]. Journal of Dental Research 1981;60:471.
Kinkel 1968 {published data only}
    1. Kinkel HJ, Stolte G. On the effect of a sodium monofluorophosphate‐bromochlorophenol containing toothpaste in a chronic animal experiment and on caries in children during a 2‐year long unsupervised use [Zur Wirkung einer natriummonofluorphosphat‐ und bromchlorophenhaltigen Zahnpasta im chronischen Tierexperiment und auf die Karies bei Kindern wahrend eines zqei Jahre langen, unuberwachten Gebrauches]. DDZ (Deutsche Zahnarzteblatt ) 1968;22:455‐60. - PubMed
Kinkel 1974 {published data only}
    1. Kinkel HJ, Stolte G, Weststrate J. The effectiveness of a fluorophosphate toothpaste on children's teeth [Etude de l'efficacite d'une pate dentifrice au fluorophosphate sur la denture des enfants]. SSO Schweizerische Monatsschrift Fuer Zahnheilkunde 1974;84:577‐89. - PubMed
    1. Rijnbeek PLC, Weststrate J. Development and study of the efficacy of a fluoridated dentifrice [Ontwikkeling en effectiviteitsonderzoek van een gefluorideerde tandpasta]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Tandheelkunde 1976;83:123‐8.
Kobylanska 1975 {published data only}
    1. Kobylanska M. [Evaluation of caries‐inhibiting effects of fluoride‐containing dentifrices of Polish production] Ocena profilaktycznego dzialania krajowych past do zebow zawierajacych niektore zwiazki fluoru. Czasopismo Stomatologie 1975;28:247‐51. - PubMed
Mitrega 1981 {published data only}
    1. Mitrega J, Opalko K, Lisiecka K. Usefulness of the preparation Flura‐Gel in the prevention of dental caries in school children [Przydatnosc preparatu Flura‐Gel w profilaktyce prochnicy zebow u dzieci szkolnych]. Czasopismo Stomatologiczne 1981;34:859‐63. - PubMed
Moungtin 1975 {published data only}
    1. Moungtin S, Thavarnton T, Poshakrishna S, Kridakorn O. The caries preventing effect of mouthrinsing with 0.2% sodium fluoride solution in schoolchildren. Journal of the Dental Association of Thailand 1975;25:259‐66. - PubMed
Nenyei 1971 {published data only}
    1. Nenyei J. The use and effect of fluoridated mouthwash in elementary school children [Fluoros szajviz hasznalata es eredmenyei altalanos iskolasokon]. Fogorvosi Szemle 1971;64:140‐5. - PubMed
Nystrom 1961 {published data only}
    1. Nystrom S, Bramstang S, Torell P. Mouthwashes with zirconium fluoride or ferric fluoride complexes [Munskoljning med zirconiumfluorid‐ eller jarnfluoridlosningar]. Svensk Tandlakare Tidskrift 1961;54:217‐20.
Ollinen 1963 {published data only}
    1. Ollinen P. [Kariesprofylax genom applikation av fluorlosning med ferrosulfat]. Sver Tandlakarforb Tidningen 1963;55:743‐7.
Onishi 1967 {published data only}
    1. Onishi E, Okada S, Hinoide M, Akada H, Kon K, Sugano N, et al. Effect of stannous fluoride dentifrice on the reduction of dental caries in schoolchildren. Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi 1967;17:68‐74.
Schioth 1981 {published data only}
    1. Schioth JT. Effect of fluoride lacquering on the need of dental care in a group of adolescent school pupils [Effekten av fluorlakkering pa tannbehandlings‐behovet hos en gruppe ungdomsskoleelever]. Norske Tannlaegeforenings Tidende 1981;91:123‐6. - PubMed
Shimada 1978 {published data only}
    1. Shimada Y, Takagi O, Inoue H. The caries reducing effect of mouth rinsing with a dilute NaF solution. Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi 1978;28:1‐9. - PubMed
Takeuchi 1968 {published data only}
    1. Takeuchi M, Shimizu T, Kawasaki T, Kizu T. A field study on effect of a dentifrice containing sodium monofluorophosphate in caries prevention. Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi 1968;18:26‐38.
Torell 1963 {published data only}
    1. Torell P. Fluorskoljningen i Goteborg lasaren 1960‐61 och 1961‐62. Sver Tandlakarforb Tidningen 1963;55:255‐8.
Torell 1969 {published data only}
    1. Torell P. Influence of fluoride mouthwash on dental caries [Fluorskoljningens inverkan pa kariesbilden]. Sver Tandlakarforb Tidningen 1969;61:619‐22. - PubMed
Treide 1980 {published and unpublished data}
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Ulvestad 1978 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies

Mancunian {unpublished data only}
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PECC {unpublished data only}
    1. Weintraub JA. Prevention of Early Childhood Caries. Ongoing Trial.

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