Killing of Legionella pneumophila by nitric oxide in gamma-interferon-activated macrophages

Abstract

The role of nitric oxide (NO) radicals in killing the intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila (Lp) was examined in infected macrophages. Murine (RAW 264.7) and human (HL-60) cell monolayers were treated with 100 U/ml gamma-interferon (IFN) and cocultured with Lp in the presence and absence of NGMMA, a specific inhibitor of NO production. Viable Lp in IFN-treated RAW 264.7 cells decreased from 3.8 to 0.7 +/- 0.12 log CFU/ml after 24 h incubation, whereas in IFN+NGMMA-treated RAW 264.7 cells, viable Lp persisted at 2.2 +/- 0.2 log CFU/ml after 24 h. This increased survival corresponded with an inhibition of NO production (5.65 +/- 2.99 microM with NGMMA vs. 58.6 +/- 5.36 microM without NGMMA). Viable Lp were susceptible to killing, in a dose-dependent fashion, by 0, 2.5, and 5.0 mM sodium nitroprusside, a source of NO radicals. IFN-treated RAW 264.7 cells also had significantly decreased levels of intracellular iron (below assay limit) when compared to IFN+NGMMA-treated cells (72.0 +/- 0.78% of control). Normally permissive HL-60 cells treated with IFN were bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal, and NO production was not detected above background. Thus, NO radicals play a critical role in the bactericidal activity against Lp by IFN-treated RAW 264.7 cells, but the absence of NO production limits IFN-treated HL-60 cells to bacteriostasis.