Endogenous immune response to early- and intermediate-stage melanoma is correlated with outcomes and is independent of locoregional relapse and standard prognostic factors

Abstract

Background: Standard prognostic factors, including precise staging of the regional lymph nodes, cannot accurately determine which early-stage melanomas will metastasize. The immune response to a 90-kd tumor-associated antigen correlates with occult nodal disease and survival of patients receiving vaccine therapy for melanoma. We hypothesized that this response might have prognostic significance independent of standard prognostic features.

Study design: Patients with primary melanomas 1.01 to 2.00 mm and tumor-negative regional lymph nodes were identified. Group 1 comprised 50 patients who died of metastases within 7 years after complete surgical treatment; group 2 comprised 50 patients who were matched with group 1 for six standard prognostic features but who lived at least 10 years without recurrence. Postoperative sera were analyzed for an immune complex to TA90 and for immunoglobulin-G and immunoglobulin-M antibodies against TA90.

Results: Median thickness of the primary melanoma was 1.40 +/- 0.31 mm and 1.42 +/- 0.32 mm in groups 1 and 2, respectively; median Clark's level of invasion was III in both groups, and 26 patients in each group had ulcerated primaries. Median TA90-IC level and rate of TA90-IC positivity (optical density greater than 0.410) were 0.557 +/- 0.43 and 82%, respectively, in group 1 and 0.305 +/- 0.15 and 18%, respectively, in group 2 (p < 0.001). The anti-TA90 IgM level was significantly elevated in 12% of group 1 (median titer 1:150) and 62% of group 2 (median titer 1:800) (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in anti-TA90 IgG levels between the two groups.

Conclusions: A positive TA90-IC level and absence of an anti-TA90 IgM response correlate with distant metastasis when melanoma is low risk or intermediate risk by standard prognostic factors.