Splice site and deletion mutations in keratin (KRT1 and KRT10) genes: unusual phenotypic alterations in Scandinavian patients with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis

Abstract

Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis is a rare autosomal dominant inherited skin disorder caused by keratin 1 or keratin 10 mutations. Keratins are major structural proteins of the epidermis, and in keratinocytes committed to terminal differentiation the intermediate filaments are composed of keratin 1 and keratin 10 heterodimers. The majority of reported mutations (86.6%) are heterozygous single point mutations and most of these are located in the 1A and 2B regions of the highly conserved keratin alpha-helical rod domain. We have studied eight Scandinavian families with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis and identified three point mutations, two codon deletions, two splice site mutations, and a complex deletion/insertion. Two of the point mutations were in the KRT1 gene (F191C and K177N) and the other was in KRT10 (L453P). All three patients had associated palmoplantar keratoderma. The splice site mutations in KRT1 both caused a large deletion removing 22 codons (delta176-197) from the 1A helical domain. Codon deletions were found in KRT1 (delta170-173) and in KRT10 (delta161-162) in two patients with a severe phenotype. A final patient had a more complex mutation with a large deletion (442 bp) together with a large insertion (214 bp) of unknown origin that caused deletion of exon 6 in KRT1. In conclusion, we have found eight novel keratin mutations that cause epidermolytic hyperkeratosis with differing phenotypes. Even when a large part of keratin 1 (46 amino acids) is deleted, surprisingly mild phenotypes can result, suggesting that genotype-phenotype relationships in epidermolytic hyperkeratosis are complex and do not solely depend on the type of mutation but also depend on interactions between the behavior of the mutant protein and the cellular environment.