A taxonomic study of species of Bothriocephalus Rudolphi, 1808 (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) from eels in Japan: morphological and molecular evidence for the occurrence of B. claviceps (Goeze, 1782) and confirmation of the validity of B. Japonicus Yamaguti, 1934

Abstract

A taxonomic study of specimens of Bothriocephalus from eels ( Anguilla spp.) in Japan has demonstrated the occurrence of two species, B. claviceps (Goeze, 1782) and B. japonicus Yamaguti, 1934. The former species is a parasite of eels ( A. anguilla and A. rostrata ) in the Holarctic Region and was recently reported from A. marmorata in Japan. The conspecificity of tapeworms newly found in an eel ( A. ? japonica ) from Lake Biwa, central Japan, with B. claviceps has been confirmed by the great similarity of their ITS-2 gene sequences (similarity 95.3% and 95.2%). However, the sequences of worms identified as B. claviceps from A. marmorata differed considerably from those of B. claviceps from two populations of A. anguilla from Europe and the above-mentioned one from Japan (similarity 66.3%, 67.1% and 65.1 %, respectively), thus indicating that the former cestodes may have been misidentified. This assumption was confirmed by morphological evaluation of a voucher specimen from A. marmorata. The morphology of this cestode, as well as those from A. japonica from two localities in Japan (Lakes Biwa and Suwa), indicates their conspecificity with B. japonicus. The validity of this taxon has been confirmed on the basis of a re-examination of the type-specimens. The two taxa, B. japonicus and B. claviceps, differ from each other in the shape and length of the scolex (619-730 microm in B. japonicus versus 1,180-2,100 microm in B. claviceps ), the relative position of the cirro-vaginal and uterine pores (opposite each other in relation to the median line of the body in B. japonicus versus tandem or slightly offset along the median line in the latter species), and the size of the eggs (41-52 x 28-35 microm in B. japonicus versus 50-70 x 31-43 microm in B. claviceps ).